Lichens are extremely difficult to culture. This manual provides well-tested tissue culture protocols, protocols for studying lichen ultrastructure, (eco)physiology, primary and secondary compounds, and for using lichens as bioindicators.

Lists a total of 965 species in 168 genera in the two volumes, describing the species including distribution maps covering Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Iceland.

The information presented here is intended for everyone interested in fungi, anyone who needs tools to study them in nature including naturalists, land managers, ecologists, mycologists, and even citizen scientists and sophiscated amateurs.

Hence, this book will provide a valuable reference to researchers intrested in ecology of temperate forests as well as in Mediterranean, subtropical and steppic forests of Middle East, in this case of Iran.

This book draws the reader into the latest debate on fungal diversity and the concept of lichen symbiosis.

... pygmaea . Jat . 102 . rimosicola . Mudd 301 . thelena var . subtriseptata . Wain . 715 . ventosicola . Mudd 300 ... Muellerella thallophila . Arn . 1385 . Mycetodium calycioides . Mass . 85 . Mycoblastus alpinus . 202 LYNGE , INDEX ...

... pygmaea . Jat . 102 . rimosicola . Mudd 301 . thelena var . subtriseptata . Wain . 715 . ventosicola . Mudd 300 ... Muellerella thallophila . Arn . 1385 . Mycetodium calycioides . Mass . 85 . Mycoblastus alpinus . 202 LYNGE , INDEX ...

... pygmaea . Jat . 102 . rimosicola . Mudd 301 . thelena var . subtriseptata . Wain . 715 . ventosicola . Mudd 300 ... Muellerella thallophila . Arn . 1385 . Mycetodium calycioides . Mass . 85 . Mycoblastus alpinus . 202 LYNGE , INDEX ...