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Module 06 - Common demersal fish species-rev.ppt

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RuthAtreroMasambay

common demersal of the fish

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Module 6. DEMERSAL FISHES, SHARKS and RAYS NATIONAL STOCK ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NSAP) STANDARD TRAINING FOR ENUMERATORS in REGION 3
Outline  Dominant fish families and representative species  Some examples of commonly caught sharks and rays Module 6. Demersal Fishes
Diagnostic characteristics High-bodied, compressed fishes (size to about 75 cm) with 1 or more spines or keeled bony plates on each side of caudal peduncle Mouth small, low on head, terminal Continuous unnotched dorsal fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Acanthuridae
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Acanthuridae Reef-associated Acanthurus dussumieri Eyestripe surgeonfish Acanthurus lineatus Lined surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus Orangespot surgeonfish Acanthurus guttatus Whitespotted surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus Brown surgeonfish
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Acanthuridae Reef-associated Acanthurus gahhm Black surgeonfish Naso annulatus White margin unicornfish Naso lituratus Orangespine unicornfish Naso brevirostris Spotted unicornfish Naso unicornis Bluespine unicornfish
Diagnostic characteristics •Diagnostic Medium to large fishes (to 180 cm); body elongate, robust •Head conical to rounded, depressed.A bony shield covering part of dorsal surface of head •Mouth surrounded by 2, 4, or 6 barbels •Dorsal fin situated before midlength of body, consisting of a long, hard, usually serrated spine •Pectoral fins low-set, with a usually long and hard serrated spine Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Ariidae 11 Species in Philippines
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Ariidae Arius maculatus Spotted catfish (local name) Arius thalassinus Giant catfish (local name)
Diagnostic characteristics •Elongate, compressed, medium to large •Eyes medium sized, relatively close to tip of snout and dorsal profile. •Preopercle with serrated posterior or ventral margins and a stout flat spine at angle •Dorsal fin deeply incised before last dorsal-fin spine, or with distinct gap between spiny and soft portions of fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Centropomidae 2 Species in Philippines: Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) Psammoperca vaigiensis (Cuvier, 1828)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Centropomidae Lates calcarifer Barramundi (Giant seaperch) (local name) Psammoperca waigiensis Waigieu seaperch (local name) Single preopercular spine 3-4 preopercular spines
Diagnostic characteristics Body laterally compressed, oblong, oval, or with markedly elevated back (size to about 35 cm). Mouth terminal, strongly protractile, pointing downward when extended. Scales large, obvious but deciduous, cycloid or finely ctenoid, extending over sides of head Dorsal fin long, single; base of dorsal fin sheathed in a row of deciduous scales Color: predominantly brilliant silver Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Gerreidae 2 Genera: Gerres, Pentaprion
Soft-bottom Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Gerreidae Gerres erythrourus (G. abbreviatus) Deep-bodied mojarra (local name) Gerres filamentosus Whipfin silver-biddy (local name) Gerres oyena Common silver-biddy (local name) Pentaprion longimanus Longfin mojarra (local name)
Diagnostic characteristics Oblong, compressed, perch-like fishes Scales present on entire head except tip of snout, lips, and chin Dorsal fin single Scales ctenoid (rough to touch), small or moderate Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Haemulidae
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Haemulidae Reef-associated Plectorhinchus lineatus Yellowbanded sweetlips Plectorhinchus goldmanni Goldman’s sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus Harry hotlips Plectorhinchus chaetodontoides Harlequin sweetlips Plectorhinchus polytaenia Ribboned sweetlips
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Haemulidae Reef-associated Plectorhinchus pictus Painted sweetlips Plectorhinchus diagrammus Striped sweetlips Plectorhinchus cinctus Crescent sweetlips Plectorhinchus celebicus Celebes sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus Harry hotlips
Diagnostic characteristics A diverse group of fishes that vary in body shape and size A single, long-based dorsal fin (except Xyrichthys); spines rigid to flexible Scales cycloid (smooth to touch) and highly variable in size among species; head never fully scaly Lateral line below most of dorsal fin smooth Colour: most species with bright and intricate colour patterns, including stripes, bars, spots, blotches Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Labridae
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Labridae Reef-associated Cheilinus trilobatus Tripletail wrasse Cheilinus diagrammus Cheeklined wrasse Anampses caeruleopunctatus Bluespotted wrasse Cheilinus fasciatus Redbreasted wrasse Choerodon anchorago Bluespotted wrasse
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Labridae Reef-associated Xyrichthys pavo Peacock wrasse Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse Coris variegata Dapple coris Xyrichthys twistii Yellowbreasted wrasse Halichoeres scapularis Zigzag wrasse Halichoeres melanurus Tail-spotted wrasse
Diagnostic characteristics small to medium-sized fishes (rarely exceeding 16 cm) body oblong or rounded, moderately to markedly compressed laterally mouth highly protrusible single dorsal fin trunk covered with small cycloid scales head without scales in all but a few species which have a patch of small scales below eye. colour: silvery Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Leiognathidae 3 Genera: Secutor - with their upwardly projecting mouths Gazza - with their canine teeth Leiognathus - forward or downward
Soft-bottom Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Leiognathidae Leiognathus equulus Common ponyfish (local name) Leiognathus leuciscus Whipfin ponyfish (local name) Leiognathus fasciatus Striped ponyfish (local name) Leiognathus splendens Splendid pony (local name) Leiognathus elongatus Slender ponyfish (local name)
Soft-bottom Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Leiognathidae Secutor indicus Pugnose ponyfish (local name) Secutor ruconius Deep pugnose ponyfish (local name) Gazza achlamys Small-toothed ponyfish (local name) Gazza minuta Toothpony (local name)
Diagnostic characteristics Perch-like sparoid fishes (size to 100 cm). Dorsal fin continuous Caudal fin emarginate or forked Scales finely ctenoid and moderate in size; cheek naked in Lethrinus and scaly in remaining genera. Mouth small to moderate, terminal; lips often soft and fleshy; upper jaw protrusible Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Lethrinidae
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lethrinidae Reef-associated Lethrinus lentjan Pink ear emperor Lethrinus nebulosus Sprangled emperor Lethrinus miniata Long-nosed emperor Lethrinus microdon Smalltooth emperor Lethrinus semicinctus Black blotch emperor
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lethrinidae Reef-associated Lethrinus ornatus Ornate emperor Lethrinus mahsena Sky emperor Lethrinus harak Thumbprint emperor Lethrinus variegata Variegated emperor Monotaxis grandoculis Humpnose big-eye bream
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lethrinidae Reef-associated Gnathodentex aureolineatus Striped large-eye bream Gymnocranius audleyi Collared large-eye bream Monotaxis grandoculis Humpnose bigeye bream Wattsia mossambica Mozambique large-eye bream
Diagnostic characteristics Oblong in shape, moderately compressed Two nostrils on each side of snout Mouth terminal and fairly large Cheek and operculum scaly Dorsal fin single Colour: highly variable Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Lutjanidae 13 Genera; 56 Species in Philippines
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lutjanidae Reef-associated Lutjanus vitta Brownstripe snapper (local name) Lutjanus lutjanus Bigeye snapper (local name) Lutjanus quinquelineatus Five-lined snapper (local name) Lutjanus malabaricus Malabar blood snapper (local name) Lutjanus timorensis Timor snapper (local name) Lutjanus sebae Emperor red snapper (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lutjanidae Reef-associated Lutjanus monostigma Onespot snapper (local name) Lutjanus decussatus Checkered snapper (local name) Lutjanus johnii John’s snapper (local name) Lutjanus russelli Russell’s snapper (local name) Lutjanus fulvus Blacktail (local name) Lutjanus fulviflamma Blackspot snapper (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lutjanidae Reef-associated Aphareus rutilans Rusty jobfish (local name) Aphareus furca Smalltoothed jobfish (local name) Etelis coruscans Flame snapper (local name) Etelis carbunculus Ruby snapper (local name) Aprion virescens Green jobfish (local name)
Diagnostic characteristics  Medium- to large-sized fishes; elongate with subcylindrical body  Head often broad and flattened dorsally  Eyes often partly covered by adipose “eyefold” tissue.  Mouth small or moderate in size  Two short dorsal fins, well separated  Anal fin short  Pectoral fins inserted high on body  Lateral line absent Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Mugilidae Genera in Philippines: Cestraeus , Crenimugil , Liza , Mugil , Oedalechilus , Valamugil
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet (local name) Liza macrolepis Large-scaled mullet (local name) Liza vaigiensis Square-tail mullet (local name) Oedalechilus labiosus Hornlip mullet (local name) Soft-bottom
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mugilidae Valamugil buchanani Bluetail mullet (local name) Valamugil seheli Bluespot mullet (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics  Body moderately elongate and somewhat compressed  Two long unbranched barbels on chin  Two well-separated dorsal fins  Lateral line complete  Color in life often whitish to light red; most species with distinctive black, brown, red, or yellow markings; median fins often with stripes or oblique bands Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Mullidae Genera in Philippines: Upeneus, Parupeneus, Mulloidichthys
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mullidae Upeneus vittatus Yellowstriped goatfish (local name) Upeneus sulphureus Sulphur goatfish (local name) Upeneus moluccensis Goldband goatfish (local name) Upeneus bensasi Bensasi goatfish (local name) Upeneus tragula Freckled goatfish (local name) Soft-bottom
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus Dash-and-dot goatfish (local name) Parupeneus indicus Indian goatfish (local name) Parupeneus bifasciatus Doublebar goatfish (local name) Parupeneus barberinoides Bicolor goatfish (local name) Parupeneus cyclostomus Gold-saddle goatfish (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics Elongate to moderately deep, compressed, small to medium-sized Mouth terminal A single continuous dorsal fin Caudal fin emarginate, forked, lunate or falcate; the upper and/or lower tips of the fin with or without pointed or filamentous extensions Pectoral fins with 2 unbranched and 12 to 17 branched rays Pelvic fins thoracic, with I spine and 5 soft rays Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Nemipteridae 4 Genera: Scolopsis, Pentapodus, Nemipterus, Parascolopsis Scolopsis Pentapodus Nemipterus Pentapodus Parascolopsis
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Scolopsis margaritifera Pearly monocle bream (local name) Scolopsis affinis Peter’s monocle bream (local name) Scolopsis taeniopterus Latice monocle bream (local name) Soft-bottom
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Pentapodus bifasciatus Whiteshouldered whiptail (local name) Pentapodus caninus Smalltoothed whiptail (local name) Pentapodus trivittatus Threestriped whiptail (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Nemipterus japonicus Japanese threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus virgatus Golden threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus isacanthus Teardrop threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus bathybius Yellowbelly threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus nemurus Redspine threadfin bream (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Nemipterus furcosus Forktail threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus hexodon Ornate threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus nematopus Yellowtipped threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus marginatus Redfilament threadfin bream (local name) Soft-bottom
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Parascolopsis eriomma Rosy dwarf bream (local name) Parascolopsis inermis Unarmed dwarf monocle bream (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics Diagnostic Small to medium-sized fishes with elongate, compressed body that tapers posteriorly. Mouth surrounded with barbels in 4 pairs; 1 pair between widely separated anterior and posterior nostrils Fin spines venomous and capable of producing painful sting Anal fin long and continuous with rounded or pointed caudal fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Plotosidae 3 Species in Philippines: Paraplotosus albilabris Plotosus canius Plotosus lineatus
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Plotosidae Plotosus canius Spotted catfish (local name) Plotosus lineatus Striped eel catfish (local name) Paraplotosus albilabris Whitelipped ell catfish (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics Deep-bodied, laterally compressed percoid fishes Extremely large eyes (about 1/2 head length)  Upturned mouth Dorsal fin continuous Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Priacanthidae
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Priacanthidae Reef-associated Priacanthus tayenus Purple-spotted bigeye Priacanthus hamrur Moontail bullseye Priacanthus cruentatus Glasseye Cookeolus boops Long-finned bigeye
Diagnostic characteristics Moderately elongate, moderately compressed, small to large (to 200 cm standard length) Head and body (occasionally also fins) completely scaly, except tip of snout Sensory pores often conspicuous on tip of snout (upper rostral pores) A barbel sometimes present on chin Caudal fin emarginate to pointed, never deeply forked, usually pointed in juveniles, rhomboidal in adults Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Sciaenidae 7 Genera in Philippines: •Atrobucca •Dendrophysa •Johnius •Nibea •Otolithes •Pennahia •Protonibea
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Sciaenidae Otolithes ruber Tigertooth croaker (local name) Pennahia anea Donkey croaker (local name) Nibea soldado Soldier croaker (local name) Dendrophysa russelli Goatee croaker (local name) Soft-bottom
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Sciaenidae Johnius borneensis Sharptooth hammer croaker (local name) Johnius macropterus Largefin croaker (local name) Johnius amblycephalus Bearded croaker (local name) Protonibea diacantha Spotted croaker (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics Body variable in shape, from deep-bodied to elongate and little compressed to notably compressed Opercle with 3 (rarely 2) flat spines; margin of preopercle nearly always serrate or with 1 to 4 spines. Mouth large, terminal Colour patterns are generally the most useful field characters as the morphometric and meristic characters often overlap to a considerable degree Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Serranidae
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Serranidae Reef-associated Cephalopholis cyanostigma Bluespotted hind Cephalopholis sexmaculata Six blotch hind Cephalopholis miniata Coral hind Cephalopholis argus Peacock hind Cephalopholis boenak Chocolate hind
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Serranidae Reef-associated Epinephelus coioides Greasy grouper Epinephelus amblycephalus Banded grouper Epinephelus maculatus Highfin grouper
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Serranidae Reef-associated Anyperodon leucogrammicus Slender grouper Aethaloperca rogaa Redmouth grouper Plectropomus leopardus Leopard coralgrouper Variola albimarginata White-edged lyretail Variola louti Yellow-edged lyretail
Diagnostic characteristics Body laterally compressed, oval, deep, or slender (size to 55 cm). Snout tubulate in a few species. Mouth terminal, very small; jaws not protrusible. Dorsal fin with XIII strong spines and 10 soft rays; preceded by a short, sharp, forwardly projecting spine Fin spines with a pair of lateral grooves containing venom glands Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Siganidae 16 Species in Philippines
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Siganidae Reef-associated Siganus canaliculatus White-spotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus guttatus Orange-spotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus lineatus Golden-lined spinefoot (local name) Siganus fuscescens Pin-spotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus vermiculatus Vermiculated spinefoot (local name) Siganus javus Streaked spinefoot (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Siganidae Reef-associated Siganus argenteus Streamlined spinefoot (local name) Siganus spinus Little spinefoot (local name) Siganus unimaculatus Barhead spinefoot (local name) Siganus vulpinus Foxface (local name) Siganus virgatus Barhead spinefoot (local name) Siganus puellus Masked spinefoot (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Siganidae Reef-associated Siganus punctatus Goldspotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus punctatissimus Peppered spinefoot (local name) Siganus corallinus Blue-spotted spinefoot (local name)
Diagnostic characteristics Moderate-sized (to 51 cm), elongate perciform fishes Opercle with small sharp spine; lower part of preopercle horizontal Snout long and conical. Mouth small, terminal Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 9 to 12 slender spines; the second with I spine and 16 to 27 soft rays Anal fin long, with II weak spines and 14 to 27 soft rays Scales small, ctenoid; lateral line slightly arched Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Sillaginidae 1 Genus: Sillago
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Sillaginidae Sillago aeolus Oriental sillago (local name) Sillago chondropus Clubfoot sillago (local name) Sillago macrolepis Largescale sillago (local name) Sillago sihama Silver sillago (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics Small to moderate- sized (to 70 cm, but usually much smaller) Body elongate, slender, and cylindrical Branchiostegals present Head and body with cycloid scales or naked Dorsal fin about midway on back, posterior to pelvic-fin insertion Dorsal adipose fin over base of anal fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Synodontidae 4 Genera in Philippines: •Synodus •Saurida •Trachinocephalus •Harpadon
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Synodontidae Saurida elongata Slender lizardfish (local name) Saurida gracilis Gracile lizardfish (local name) Saurida tumbil Greater lizardfish (local name) Saurida undosquamis Brushtooth lizardfish (local name) Synodus variegatus Variegated lizardfish (local name) Trachinocephalus myops Snakefish (local name) Soft-bottom
Diagnostic characteristics Small to medium-sized (to 35 cm) perch-like fishes; body oblong to oblong ovate, slightly to moderately compressed laterally Mouth moderate, protractile Opercle with 2 spines posteriorly, the lower one larger and stronger Dorsal fin single  Anal fin with III variably strong spines and 7 to 12 soft rays Lateral line single and complete Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Terapontidae 4 Genera in Philippines: •Mesopristis •Pelates •Rhyncopelates •Terapon
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Terapontidae Terapon theraps Largescaled terapon (local name) Terapon jarbua Jarbua terapon (local name) Terapon puta Small-scaled terapon (local name) Pelates quadrilineatus Fourlined terapon (local name) Soft-bottom
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Terapontidae Mesopristes cancellatus Tapiroid terapon (local name) Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus Blotched terapon (local name) Mesopristes argenteus Silver terapon (local name) Soft-bottom
FLATFISHES
CYNOGLOSSIDAE – Tonguesoles Module 6. Demersal Fishes FLATFISH FAMILIES PSETTODIDAE – Spiny turbot CITHARIDAE – Largescale flounder PLEURONECTIDAE – Righteye flounder BOTHIDAE – Lefteye flounder PARALICHTHIDAE – Sand flounder SOLEIDAE – Soles Soft-bottom
SHARKS (some examples)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Prionace glauca Blue shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Long, narrow snout with long head •Long, slender “flabby” body •Very long, slender pectoral fins •First dorsal fin closer to pelvic fins than pectoral fins •Small gill slits •Weak ridge on caudal peduncle •Dorsal surfaced deep iridescent blue fading to blue with white ventral surfaces
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Galiocerdo cuvier Tiger shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Dark, vertical barring pattern covering most of body •Broad, wide and flattened head •Barring pattern is spotted in juveniles and may fade in large adults •Upper teeth are distinctively shaped and strongly serrated •Terminal point of each tooth hooks laterally instead of forming a triangular shape •Wide and very blunt snout •Juveniles spotted instead of striped
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus longimanus Ocean whitetip shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Large pectoral and first dorsal fins with white or mottled tips •Large individuals have fin spots that are indistinct or faded •Dorsal fin is fully rounded at tip •Flattened head and rounded snout •Body color typically brown, white ventrally •May have black markings on the tips of pelvic, anal, second dorsal and lower caudal fins and a black patch on the upper caudal peduncle
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus falciformis Silky shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Dorsal fin is small and clearly beyond pectoral fins •Low Interdorsal ridge •No ridge or keel on caudal peduncle •Copper-brown body fading to white, white ventrally •Body completely clear of markings •Ventral side of caudal fin tips black or dark •Eye pupil small with vertical slits •Dark tip on ventral surface of pectoral fin •Long pectoral fins •Dorsal and anal fins possess spines
RAYS
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Dasyatidae Taeniura lymma Bluespotted fantail ray (local name) Neotrygon kuhlii (Dasyatis kuhlii) Bluespotted mask ray (local name) Himantura uarnak Reticulate whipray (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Myliobatidae (Eagle & Manta rays) Rhinoptera javanica Bluespotted fantail ray (local name) Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagleray (local name) Manta birostris Giant manta (local name)
Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Myliobatidae (Eagle & Manta rays) Manta birostris Giant manta (local name) Mobula mobular Devil fish (local name) •Coloration and shape of head extensions (Cephalic fins) •Whip-like tail
END of LECTURE Module 6. Demersal Fishes
REVIEW GAME (modify using important fish families and species in area) -work as a group -correctly identify the species shown and accumulate points! Module 5. Demersal Fishes
To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 1
To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 2
To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 3
Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 4
Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 5
Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 6
To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 7
To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 8
Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 9
Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 10

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Module 06 - Common demersal fish species-rev.ppt

  • 1. Module 6. DEMERSAL FISHES, SHARKS and RAYS NATIONAL STOCK ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NSAP) STANDARD TRAINING FOR ENUMERATORS in REGION 3
  • 2. Outline  Dominant fish families and representative species  Some examples of commonly caught sharks and rays Module 6. Demersal Fishes
  • 3. Diagnostic characteristics High-bodied, compressed fishes (size to about 75 cm) with 1 or more spines or keeled bony plates on each side of caudal peduncle Mouth small, low on head, terminal Continuous unnotched dorsal fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Acanthuridae
  • 4. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Acanthuridae Reef-associated Acanthurus dussumieri Eyestripe surgeonfish Acanthurus lineatus Lined surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus Orangespot surgeonfish Acanthurus guttatus Whitespotted surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus Brown surgeonfish
  • 5. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Acanthuridae Reef-associated Acanthurus gahhm Black surgeonfish Naso annulatus White margin unicornfish Naso lituratus Orangespine unicornfish Naso brevirostris Spotted unicornfish Naso unicornis Bluespine unicornfish
  • 6. Diagnostic characteristics •Diagnostic Medium to large fishes (to 180 cm); body elongate, robust •Head conical to rounded, depressed.A bony shield covering part of dorsal surface of head •Mouth surrounded by 2, 4, or 6 barbels •Dorsal fin situated before midlength of body, consisting of a long, hard, usually serrated spine •Pectoral fins low-set, with a usually long and hard serrated spine Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Ariidae 11 Species in Philippines
  • 7. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Ariidae Arius maculatus Spotted catfish (local name) Arius thalassinus Giant catfish (local name)
  • 8. Diagnostic characteristics •Elongate, compressed, medium to large •Eyes medium sized, relatively close to tip of snout and dorsal profile. •Preopercle with serrated posterior or ventral margins and a stout flat spine at angle •Dorsal fin deeply incised before last dorsal-fin spine, or with distinct gap between spiny and soft portions of fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Centropomidae 2 Species in Philippines: Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) Psammoperca vaigiensis (Cuvier, 1828)
  • 9. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Centropomidae Lates calcarifer Barramundi (Giant seaperch) (local name) Psammoperca waigiensis Waigieu seaperch (local name) Single preopercular spine 3-4 preopercular spines
  • 10. Diagnostic characteristics Body laterally compressed, oblong, oval, or with markedly elevated back (size to about 35 cm). Mouth terminal, strongly protractile, pointing downward when extended. Scales large, obvious but deciduous, cycloid or finely ctenoid, extending over sides of head Dorsal fin long, single; base of dorsal fin sheathed in a row of deciduous scales Color: predominantly brilliant silver Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Gerreidae 2 Genera: Gerres, Pentaprion
  • 11. Soft-bottom Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Gerreidae Gerres erythrourus (G. abbreviatus) Deep-bodied mojarra (local name) Gerres filamentosus Whipfin silver-biddy (local name) Gerres oyena Common silver-biddy (local name) Pentaprion longimanus Longfin mojarra (local name)
  • 12. Diagnostic characteristics Oblong, compressed, perch-like fishes Scales present on entire head except tip of snout, lips, and chin Dorsal fin single Scales ctenoid (rough to touch), small or moderate Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Haemulidae
  • 13. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Haemulidae Reef-associated Plectorhinchus lineatus Yellowbanded sweetlips Plectorhinchus goldmanni Goldman’s sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus Harry hotlips Plectorhinchus chaetodontoides Harlequin sweetlips Plectorhinchus polytaenia Ribboned sweetlips
  • 14. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Haemulidae Reef-associated Plectorhinchus pictus Painted sweetlips Plectorhinchus diagrammus Striped sweetlips Plectorhinchus cinctus Crescent sweetlips Plectorhinchus celebicus Celebes sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus Harry hotlips
  • 15. Diagnostic characteristics A diverse group of fishes that vary in body shape and size A single, long-based dorsal fin (except Xyrichthys); spines rigid to flexible Scales cycloid (smooth to touch) and highly variable in size among species; head never fully scaly Lateral line below most of dorsal fin smooth Colour: most species with bright and intricate colour patterns, including stripes, bars, spots, blotches Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Labridae
  • 16. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Labridae Reef-associated Cheilinus trilobatus Tripletail wrasse Cheilinus diagrammus Cheeklined wrasse Anampses caeruleopunctatus Bluespotted wrasse Cheilinus fasciatus Redbreasted wrasse Choerodon anchorago Bluespotted wrasse
  • 17. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Labridae Reef-associated Xyrichthys pavo Peacock wrasse Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse Coris variegata Dapple coris Xyrichthys twistii Yellowbreasted wrasse Halichoeres scapularis Zigzag wrasse Halichoeres melanurus Tail-spotted wrasse
  • 18. Diagnostic characteristics small to medium-sized fishes (rarely exceeding 16 cm) body oblong or rounded, moderately to markedly compressed laterally mouth highly protrusible single dorsal fin trunk covered with small cycloid scales head without scales in all but a few species which have a patch of small scales below eye. colour: silvery Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Leiognathidae 3 Genera: Secutor - with their upwardly projecting mouths Gazza - with their canine teeth Leiognathus - forward or downward
  • 19. Soft-bottom Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Leiognathidae Leiognathus equulus Common ponyfish (local name) Leiognathus leuciscus Whipfin ponyfish (local name) Leiognathus fasciatus Striped ponyfish (local name) Leiognathus splendens Splendid pony (local name) Leiognathus elongatus Slender ponyfish (local name)
  • 20. Soft-bottom Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Leiognathidae Secutor indicus Pugnose ponyfish (local name) Secutor ruconius Deep pugnose ponyfish (local name) Gazza achlamys Small-toothed ponyfish (local name) Gazza minuta Toothpony (local name)
  • 21. Diagnostic characteristics Perch-like sparoid fishes (size to 100 cm). Dorsal fin continuous Caudal fin emarginate or forked Scales finely ctenoid and moderate in size; cheek naked in Lethrinus and scaly in remaining genera. Mouth small to moderate, terminal; lips often soft and fleshy; upper jaw protrusible Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Lethrinidae
  • 22. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lethrinidae Reef-associated Lethrinus lentjan Pink ear emperor Lethrinus nebulosus Sprangled emperor Lethrinus miniata Long-nosed emperor Lethrinus microdon Smalltooth emperor Lethrinus semicinctus Black blotch emperor
  • 23. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lethrinidae Reef-associated Lethrinus ornatus Ornate emperor Lethrinus mahsena Sky emperor Lethrinus harak Thumbprint emperor Lethrinus variegata Variegated emperor Monotaxis grandoculis Humpnose big-eye bream
  • 24. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lethrinidae Reef-associated Gnathodentex aureolineatus Striped large-eye bream Gymnocranius audleyi Collared large-eye bream Monotaxis grandoculis Humpnose bigeye bream Wattsia mossambica Mozambique large-eye bream
  • 25. Diagnostic characteristics Oblong in shape, moderately compressed Two nostrils on each side of snout Mouth terminal and fairly large Cheek and operculum scaly Dorsal fin single Colour: highly variable Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Lutjanidae 13 Genera; 56 Species in Philippines
  • 26. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lutjanidae Reef-associated Lutjanus vitta Brownstripe snapper (local name) Lutjanus lutjanus Bigeye snapper (local name) Lutjanus quinquelineatus Five-lined snapper (local name) Lutjanus malabaricus Malabar blood snapper (local name) Lutjanus timorensis Timor snapper (local name) Lutjanus sebae Emperor red snapper (local name)
  • 27. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lutjanidae Reef-associated Lutjanus monostigma Onespot snapper (local name) Lutjanus decussatus Checkered snapper (local name) Lutjanus johnii John’s snapper (local name) Lutjanus russelli Russell’s snapper (local name) Lutjanus fulvus Blacktail (local name) Lutjanus fulviflamma Blackspot snapper (local name)
  • 28. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Lutjanidae Reef-associated Aphareus rutilans Rusty jobfish (local name) Aphareus furca Smalltoothed jobfish (local name) Etelis coruscans Flame snapper (local name) Etelis carbunculus Ruby snapper (local name) Aprion virescens Green jobfish (local name)
  • 29. Diagnostic characteristics  Medium- to large-sized fishes; elongate with subcylindrical body  Head often broad and flattened dorsally  Eyes often partly covered by adipose “eyefold” tissue.  Mouth small or moderate in size  Two short dorsal fins, well separated  Anal fin short  Pectoral fins inserted high on body  Lateral line absent Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Mugilidae Genera in Philippines: Cestraeus , Crenimugil , Liza , Mugil , Oedalechilus , Valamugil
  • 30. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet (local name) Liza macrolepis Large-scaled mullet (local name) Liza vaigiensis Square-tail mullet (local name) Oedalechilus labiosus Hornlip mullet (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 31. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mugilidae Valamugil buchanani Bluetail mullet (local name) Valamugil seheli Bluespot mullet (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 32. Diagnostic characteristics  Body moderately elongate and somewhat compressed  Two long unbranched barbels on chin  Two well-separated dorsal fins  Lateral line complete  Color in life often whitish to light red; most species with distinctive black, brown, red, or yellow markings; median fins often with stripes or oblique bands Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Mullidae Genera in Philippines: Upeneus, Parupeneus, Mulloidichthys
  • 33. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mullidae Upeneus vittatus Yellowstriped goatfish (local name) Upeneus sulphureus Sulphur goatfish (local name) Upeneus moluccensis Goldband goatfish (local name) Upeneus bensasi Bensasi goatfish (local name) Upeneus tragula Freckled goatfish (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 34. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus Dash-and-dot goatfish (local name) Parupeneus indicus Indian goatfish (local name) Parupeneus bifasciatus Doublebar goatfish (local name) Parupeneus barberinoides Bicolor goatfish (local name) Parupeneus cyclostomus Gold-saddle goatfish (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 35. Diagnostic characteristics Elongate to moderately deep, compressed, small to medium-sized Mouth terminal A single continuous dorsal fin Caudal fin emarginate, forked, lunate or falcate; the upper and/or lower tips of the fin with or without pointed or filamentous extensions Pectoral fins with 2 unbranched and 12 to 17 branched rays Pelvic fins thoracic, with I spine and 5 soft rays Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Nemipteridae 4 Genera: Scolopsis, Pentapodus, Nemipterus, Parascolopsis Scolopsis Pentapodus Nemipterus Pentapodus Parascolopsis
  • 36. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Scolopsis margaritifera Pearly monocle bream (local name) Scolopsis affinis Peter’s monocle bream (local name) Scolopsis taeniopterus Latice monocle bream (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 37. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Pentapodus bifasciatus Whiteshouldered whiptail (local name) Pentapodus caninus Smalltoothed whiptail (local name) Pentapodus trivittatus Threestriped whiptail (local name)
  • 38. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Nemipterus japonicus Japanese threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus virgatus Golden threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus isacanthus Teardrop threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus bathybius Yellowbelly threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus nemurus Redspine threadfin bream (local name)
  • 39. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Nemipterus furcosus Forktail threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus hexodon Ornate threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus nematopus Yellowtipped threadfin bream (local name) Nemipterus marginatus Redfilament threadfin bream (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 40. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Nemipteridae Parascolopsis eriomma Rosy dwarf bream (local name) Parascolopsis inermis Unarmed dwarf monocle bream (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 41. Diagnostic characteristics Diagnostic Small to medium-sized fishes with elongate, compressed body that tapers posteriorly. Mouth surrounded with barbels in 4 pairs; 1 pair between widely separated anterior and posterior nostrils Fin spines venomous and capable of producing painful sting Anal fin long and continuous with rounded or pointed caudal fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Plotosidae 3 Species in Philippines: Paraplotosus albilabris Plotosus canius Plotosus lineatus
  • 42. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Plotosidae Plotosus canius Spotted catfish (local name) Plotosus lineatus Striped eel catfish (local name) Paraplotosus albilabris Whitelipped ell catfish (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 43. Diagnostic characteristics Deep-bodied, laterally compressed percoid fishes Extremely large eyes (about 1/2 head length)  Upturned mouth Dorsal fin continuous Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Priacanthidae
  • 44. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Priacanthidae Reef-associated Priacanthus tayenus Purple-spotted bigeye Priacanthus hamrur Moontail bullseye Priacanthus cruentatus Glasseye Cookeolus boops Long-finned bigeye
  • 45. Diagnostic characteristics Moderately elongate, moderately compressed, small to large (to 200 cm standard length) Head and body (occasionally also fins) completely scaly, except tip of snout Sensory pores often conspicuous on tip of snout (upper rostral pores) A barbel sometimes present on chin Caudal fin emarginate to pointed, never deeply forked, usually pointed in juveniles, rhomboidal in adults Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Sciaenidae 7 Genera in Philippines: •Atrobucca •Dendrophysa •Johnius •Nibea •Otolithes •Pennahia •Protonibea
  • 46. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Sciaenidae Otolithes ruber Tigertooth croaker (local name) Pennahia anea Donkey croaker (local name) Nibea soldado Soldier croaker (local name) Dendrophysa russelli Goatee croaker (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 47. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Sciaenidae Johnius borneensis Sharptooth hammer croaker (local name) Johnius macropterus Largefin croaker (local name) Johnius amblycephalus Bearded croaker (local name) Protonibea diacantha Spotted croaker (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 48. Diagnostic characteristics Body variable in shape, from deep-bodied to elongate and little compressed to notably compressed Opercle with 3 (rarely 2) flat spines; margin of preopercle nearly always serrate or with 1 to 4 spines. Mouth large, terminal Colour patterns are generally the most useful field characters as the morphometric and meristic characters often overlap to a considerable degree Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Serranidae
  • 49. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Serranidae Reef-associated Cephalopholis cyanostigma Bluespotted hind Cephalopholis sexmaculata Six blotch hind Cephalopholis miniata Coral hind Cephalopholis argus Peacock hind Cephalopholis boenak Chocolate hind
  • 50. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Serranidae Reef-associated Epinephelus coioides Greasy grouper Epinephelus amblycephalus Banded grouper Epinephelus maculatus Highfin grouper
  • 51. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Serranidae Reef-associated Anyperodon leucogrammicus Slender grouper Aethaloperca rogaa Redmouth grouper Plectropomus leopardus Leopard coralgrouper Variola albimarginata White-edged lyretail Variola louti Yellow-edged lyretail
  • 52. Diagnostic characteristics Body laterally compressed, oval, deep, or slender (size to 55 cm). Snout tubulate in a few species. Mouth terminal, very small; jaws not protrusible. Dorsal fin with XIII strong spines and 10 soft rays; preceded by a short, sharp, forwardly projecting spine Fin spines with a pair of lateral grooves containing venom glands Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Siganidae 16 Species in Philippines
  • 53. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Siganidae Reef-associated Siganus canaliculatus White-spotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus guttatus Orange-spotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus lineatus Golden-lined spinefoot (local name) Siganus fuscescens Pin-spotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus vermiculatus Vermiculated spinefoot (local name) Siganus javus Streaked spinefoot (local name)
  • 54. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Siganidae Reef-associated Siganus argenteus Streamlined spinefoot (local name) Siganus spinus Little spinefoot (local name) Siganus unimaculatus Barhead spinefoot (local name) Siganus vulpinus Foxface (local name) Siganus virgatus Barhead spinefoot (local name) Siganus puellus Masked spinefoot (local name)
  • 55. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Siganidae Reef-associated Siganus punctatus Goldspotted spinefoot (local name) Siganus punctatissimus Peppered spinefoot (local name) Siganus corallinus Blue-spotted spinefoot (local name)
  • 56. Diagnostic characteristics Moderate-sized (to 51 cm), elongate perciform fishes Opercle with small sharp spine; lower part of preopercle horizontal Snout long and conical. Mouth small, terminal Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 9 to 12 slender spines; the second with I spine and 16 to 27 soft rays Anal fin long, with II weak spines and 14 to 27 soft rays Scales small, ctenoid; lateral line slightly arched Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Sillaginidae 1 Genus: Sillago
  • 57. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Sillaginidae Sillago aeolus Oriental sillago (local name) Sillago chondropus Clubfoot sillago (local name) Sillago macrolepis Largescale sillago (local name) Sillago sihama Silver sillago (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 58. Diagnostic characteristics Small to moderate- sized (to 70 cm, but usually much smaller) Body elongate, slender, and cylindrical Branchiostegals present Head and body with cycloid scales or naked Dorsal fin about midway on back, posterior to pelvic-fin insertion Dorsal adipose fin over base of anal fin Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Synodontidae 4 Genera in Philippines: •Synodus •Saurida •Trachinocephalus •Harpadon
  • 59. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Synodontidae Saurida elongata Slender lizardfish (local name) Saurida gracilis Gracile lizardfish (local name) Saurida tumbil Greater lizardfish (local name) Saurida undosquamis Brushtooth lizardfish (local name) Synodus variegatus Variegated lizardfish (local name) Trachinocephalus myops Snakefish (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 60. Diagnostic characteristics Small to medium-sized (to 35 cm) perch-like fishes; body oblong to oblong ovate, slightly to moderately compressed laterally Mouth moderate, protractile Opercle with 2 spines posteriorly, the lower one larger and stronger Dorsal fin single  Anal fin with III variably strong spines and 7 to 12 soft rays Lateral line single and complete Module 6. Demersal fishes Family Terapontidae 4 Genera in Philippines: •Mesopristis •Pelates •Rhyncopelates •Terapon
  • 61. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Terapontidae Terapon theraps Largescaled terapon (local name) Terapon jarbua Jarbua terapon (local name) Terapon puta Small-scaled terapon (local name) Pelates quadrilineatus Fourlined terapon (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 62. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Terapontidae Mesopristes cancellatus Tapiroid terapon (local name) Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus Blotched terapon (local name) Mesopristes argenteus Silver terapon (local name) Soft-bottom
  • 64. CYNOGLOSSIDAE – Tonguesoles Module 6. Demersal Fishes FLATFISH FAMILIES PSETTODIDAE – Spiny turbot CITHARIDAE – Largescale flounder PLEURONECTIDAE – Righteye flounder BOTHIDAE – Lefteye flounder PARALICHTHIDAE – Sand flounder SOLEIDAE – Soles Soft-bottom
  • 66. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Prionace glauca Blue shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Long, narrow snout with long head •Long, slender “flabby” body •Very long, slender pectoral fins •First dorsal fin closer to pelvic fins than pectoral fins •Small gill slits •Weak ridge on caudal peduncle •Dorsal surfaced deep iridescent blue fading to blue with white ventral surfaces
  • 67. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Galiocerdo cuvier Tiger shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Dark, vertical barring pattern covering most of body •Broad, wide and flattened head •Barring pattern is spotted in juveniles and may fade in large adults •Upper teeth are distinctively shaped and strongly serrated •Terminal point of each tooth hooks laterally instead of forming a triangular shape •Wide and very blunt snout •Juveniles spotted instead of striped
  • 68. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus longimanus Ocean whitetip shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Large pectoral and first dorsal fins with white or mottled tips •Large individuals have fin spots that are indistinct or faded •Dorsal fin is fully rounded at tip •Flattened head and rounded snout •Body color typically brown, white ventrally •May have black markings on the tips of pelvic, anal, second dorsal and lower caudal fins and a black patch on the upper caudal peduncle
  • 69. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus falciformis Silky shark (local name) Diagnostic characteristics •Dorsal fin is small and clearly beyond pectoral fins •Low Interdorsal ridge •No ridge or keel on caudal peduncle •Copper-brown body fading to white, white ventrally •Body completely clear of markings •Ventral side of caudal fin tips black or dark •Eye pupil small with vertical slits •Dark tip on ventral surface of pectoral fin •Long pectoral fins •Dorsal and anal fins possess spines
  • 70. RAYS
  • 71. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Dasyatidae Taeniura lymma Bluespotted fantail ray (local name) Neotrygon kuhlii (Dasyatis kuhlii) Bluespotted mask ray (local name) Himantura uarnak Reticulate whipray (local name)
  • 72. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Myliobatidae (Eagle & Manta rays) Rhinoptera javanica Bluespotted fantail ray (local name) Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagleray (local name) Manta birostris Giant manta (local name)
  • 73. Module 6. Demersal Fishes Family Myliobatidae (Eagle & Manta rays) Manta birostris Giant manta (local name) Mobula mobular Devil fish (local name) •Coloration and shape of head extensions (Cephalic fins) •Whip-like tail
  • 74. END of LECTURE Module 6. Demersal Fishes
  • 75. REVIEW GAME (modify using important fish families and species in area) -work as a group -correctly identify the species shown and accumulate points! Module 5. Demersal Fishes
  • 76. To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 1
  • 77. To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 2
  • 78. To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 3
  • 79. Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 4
  • 80. Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 5
  • 81. Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 6
  • 82. To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 7
  • 83. To which FAMILY do these fishes belong? (1 point) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 8
  • 84. Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 9
  • 85. Give the (a) Family, (b) Common English name, and (c) Scientific name of the fish shown (3 points) Module 5. Demersal Fishes 10

Editor's Notes

  1. Note: The dominant families and representative species may be modified to be region- or area-specific
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  54. Note: The dominant families and representative species may be modified to be region- or area-specific
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  59. Note: The dominant families and representative species may be modified to be region- or area-specific
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