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Instructor: Ariful Rahaman
Office: GDN121A
E-mail: arahaman@vit.ac.in
Fe-Fe3C (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
2
Phases in Fe-C System
Peritectic Reaction
Eutectic Reaction
Eutectoid Reaction
g a Fe3C
725o C
cool
0.8 0.02 6.67
Pearlite
Eutectoid Reaction
g a Fe3C
725o C
cool
0.8 0.02 6.67
Pearlite
Development of
Microstructure
in a
hypereutectoid
steel
Problem
Q1: A eutectoid steel is slowly cooled from 750 degreeC to a temperature just below 723 degreeC .
Calculate the percentage of ferrite and cementite.
Q2: A 0.45 wt% C hypoeutectoid carbon steel is slowly cooled from 950 C to a temperature just slightly
above 723 C. Calculate the weight percent austenite
and weight percent proeutectoid ferrite in this steel
Q3: Consider 10 kg of 99.55wt% Fe- 0.45 wt% C alloy that is cooled to a temperature just below
the eutectoid temperature.
(a) How many kilograms of proeutectoid ferrite (wpro-α) form?
(b) How many kilograms of eutectoid ferrite (wα) form?
(c) How many kilograms of total ferrite (wtotal-α) form?
(d) How many kilograms of cementite (wFe3C) form?
0.45
Problem
0.45
Problem
Q1: Draw and label the microstructures just above eutectoid and just below eutectoid
temperature
0.2 1.2
0.8
Nucleation and Growth Kinetics
Once the embryo exceeds the critical size r*, the growth of the nucleus starts. Nucleation
continues simultaneously.
Nucleation and growth rates are function of temp. Nucleation rate increases with cooling
rate and degree of undercooling (ΔT= Tm – T).
The over all transformation rate is the product of nucleation and growth rates.
high T (close to Tm): low nucleation and high growth rates coarse microstructure with
large grains
low T (strong undercooling): high nucleation and low growth rates fine structure with
small grains
Nucleation and Growth
2gTm
r*
• Examples: Hf T
T-T-T Diagram (Eutectoid Steel)
Martensite Structures
Sharp interfaces γ
γ(FCC) M (BCT)
Martensite
T Martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite
fine pearlite
coarse pearlite
spheroidite
General Trends
T-T-T Diagram (Hypo-Eutectoid Steel)
Transformation
T-T-T Diagram (Hyper-Eutectoid Steel)
Transformation
Problem
Continuous Cooling Transformation (C-C-T) Diagrams
1 2 3 4
1: 100% martensite (This is called the critical cooling rate. It is the slowest cooling rate that will
produce 100% martensite.)
3: fine pearlite
4: coarse pearlite
a) Rapidly cool to 630°C, soak for 30 hours, then quench to room temperature:
b) Rapidly cool to 500°C, soak for 30 hours, then quench to room temperature:
c) Rapidly cool to 270°C, soak for 16 minutes, then quench to room temperature:
d) Rapidly cool to 500°C, soak for 6 seconds, then quench to room temperature:
Problem
(i) An Indian steel producer has four “quench baths,” used to quench plates of eutectoid steel to
680˚C, 580˚C, 340˚C, and 30˚C respectively. Using the TTT diagram below, advise the company
on how they can produce steel with the following microstructures. Assume that each bath will
instantaneously allow the steel to reach the bath temperature.
a) 25% fine pearlite, 25% bainite, 50 % martensite.
b) 50% coarse pearlite, 50% martensite.
c) 50% bainite, 50% coarse pearlite
d) 0% coarse pearlite, 100% martensite