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Oxy Hydrogen Gas Generator Design and Development for SI Engine
Anuprita Arun Ingle
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, K.K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Production of HHO: A pure stoichiometric mixture for oxy
hydrogen is obtained by water electrolysis, which uses an
electric current to dissociate the water molecules.
electrolysis: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
Abstract - Several innovative technologies are now
available to help cut fuel consumption, pollutants, and
increase brake thermal efficiency. The use of hydrogen in
internal combustion engines, which may be found in water and
air, is one of these technologies. The goal of this study is to see
how utilizing hydroxy gas affects the performance of a
gasoline engine. For optimal HHO gas productivity per input
power, an HHO dry cell will be designed, built, and optimized.
The important parameters that influence the rate of HHO
generation were taken into account. A gasoline engine's
performance will be compared with and without the HHO gas.
With a rise in HHO, the engine brake efficiency should improve,
the thermal efficiency should improve, the specific fuel
consumption for the engine should drop, and the temperature
of the exhaust should decrease. With an increase in HHO, HC
and CO emissions should decrease.
Fig -1 HHO generator
Key Words: fuel consumption, Hydrogen, hydroxygas,
HHO dry cell, gasoline engine, specific fuel consumption.
In the year 1800, William Nicholson was the first to
decompose water in this way. Separation of water into a
mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases has recently received
a lot of attention.
Yull Brown began these investigations in 1977 using
electrolyzes, and the resulting gas is known as "Brown's gas"
or HHO. As a fuel, HHO gas has qualities that are similar to
hydrogen. Hydrogen is the lightest of all the elements,
odorless, colorless, nontoxic, environmentally friendly, and
extremely combustible. Hydrogen is 100% renewable,
recyclable, and non-polluting, with a flammability range of
4% to 75% in air and a low ignition energy of 0.02 mJ. High
flame speed and diffusivity increase mixture homogeneity
and rapid ignition auto ignition temperature 585 C specific
energy content 142.18 MJ/kg as higher heating value
(HHO),120.21MJ/kg as lower heating value (LHV).
There are two types of cell used in HHO generator,
they are as follows
1.INTRODUCTION
Currently most of our vehicles runs on fossil fuels which
produces very harmful gasses like CO, NOx, HC, etc. in the
form of smoke, which are creating lots of health problems as
well as the reason for global warming.
The sooner we decrease our reliance on fossil fuels, and
develop a new energy sources, the better it is. Whether you
believe in climate change or not but the benefits extend
beyond by just the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
and the supply of oil and gas will inevitably dry.
Tesla pioneered our greatest hope in this space to date with
the development and popularization of battery technology.
But as we have seen they are struggling to meet the
enormous half a million pre-orders for the model 3. Elon
Musk self-proclaimed production cell has resulted in delay
after delay. The demand for lithium-ion battery technology is
simply growing faster than the supply of lithium can satisfy.
So we need a multi-faceted approach to solve this problem.
It is difficult to replace all the IC engines vehicles with
electric vehicles with small transition time frame
considering all practical factors. So researchers found
alternative solutions that would not require a dramatic
modification in engines design. Among such solutions is
using oxy hydrogen (HHO) as a secondary fuel to enhance
engine efficiency and reduce harmful pollutants and we can
have some breathing time for complete transition to electric
vehicles.
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A. Wet cell
B. Dry cell
A. wet cell:
It is made up of a container, anode and cathode plates
(Electrodes plate), electrolyte, and an HHO gas outlet pipe.
Cell stack refers to the arrangement of these plates in an
alternate order. The electrolyte (water and KOH/NaOH) is
immerged in this cell stack.
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Electric vehicles offer a better solution to this problem, but
they require lithium-ion batteries, and the demand for
lithium-ion batteries is simply outpacing the availability of
lithium. To overcome this challenge, we'll need to use a
multi-pronged strategy. Considering all practices, replacing
all IC engines vehicles with electric vehicles with a short
transition time frame is difficult. So use of oxy hydrogen in IC
engine will reduce emissions and we can have some time for
complete transition to electric vehicles.
1.2 OBJECTIVE The proposed project has a vast
scope of development in
To reduce the harmful emission (CO, HC,CO2) of
gasoline engines which are produced due to
incomplete combustion .
To increase break thermal efficiency of an SI engine.
To reduce specific fuel consumption of SI engine.
To maximize fuel combustion in SI engine.
To study knocking effect with variation of HHO
injected in SI engine.
Fig 2- Wet cell [1]
The electrode is then supplied power, and through the
electrolysis process, an HHO bubble is produced, which is
then expelled through the HHO gas output pipe.
B. Dry cell :
End plate, electrode plates, soft clear PVC spacer rings,
electrolyte, gas outlet, water inlet valve, and other
components are included. The cell is made up of electrode
plates that are placed in an alternating pattern with a gasket
in between. Two holes are bored through the entire
structure for water intake, outlet, and gas outlet. The plates
are not submerged in electrolyte; instead, water circulates
across them, giving rise to the term "dry cell." The HHO gas is
then created and removed from the gas outlet by an
electrolysis procedure.
1.3 SCOPE
Electrolysis can be used to produce HHO, which is a simple
method. We can store this gas in a separate tank to give it to
the IC engine, but because it is a highly flammable gas, it can
be dangerous in the event of an accident, so we can design a
compact HHO generator that operates on the electrolysis
concept and can be used to produce on-board HHO. It is an
alternate approach that does not necessitate a significant
change in IC engine design, therefore using HHO as a
supplementary fuel for traditional internal combustion
engine cars is a viable option for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and improving engine efficiency.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
Water electrolysis, which utilizes an electric current to
separate the water molecules, can produce a pure
stoichiometric mixture of oxy hydrogen:
Electrolysis: 2 H2O ⟶ 2 H2 + O2
Below are the reactions that take place at the cathode and
anode. Reduction reactions take place in the negatively
charged cathode, with electrons (e -) from the cathode being
delivered to hydrogen cations to generate hydrogen gas.
Fig 3 – Dry cell [2]
The cathode (Reduction) 2H + (aq) + 2e- H2
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
At the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction
occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the
cathode to complete the circuit. Anode (Oxidation) Reaction:
2H2O(l) - O2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e-
The globe is facing numerous issues as a result of pollution,
which causes serious health issues (asthma, lung cancer,
breathing problems, and so on) as well as contributing to
global warming. One of the major sources of pollution is CO,
NOx, and HC emissions from cars that run on fossil fuels.
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pipework. The cell's inputs are distilled water and sodium
bicarbonate, which serve as the electrolyte. Stainless Steel
grade 302 or 304 is utilized for the cathode due to
experience, however grade 316L is required for the anode.
The cell was created with an 8-liter capacity. Type (C) cells
are 12 times the size of type (B) cells. Because the piston is
pushed down and out of sequence by the burst of gas fumes,
this procedure is inefficient. It goes into reverse a little too
soon, causing a "knocking" noise and producing less power.
Without knocking, the new mixture (air, gasoline, and HHO)
has a chance to change into mechanical torque (rotary push).
The effect of the FC on break efficiency, which revealed a 3
percent rise for Cell B and an 8 percent increase for Cell C,
exhibits a similar pattern for the thermal efficiency. As a
result of the FC, the exhaust temperature has decreased,
indicating better combustion and cleaner emissions.
The same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and
hydrogen is given in the reaction below.
Overall Reaction: 2H2O(l) - 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
We use this HHO Gas, “perfect fuel” as an ADDITIVE gas to
supplement the diesel or petrol fuel inside the engine and
make it burn better and hence prevent the huge combustion
losses inside the engine
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Ammar A. Al-Rousan et.al[1] and colleagues Controlling
pollution from oil burning is a serious challenge for scientists
all over the world. To reduce emissions and accelerate the
combustion reaction toward stoichiometric state, a blend of
HHO has been injected to the combustion elements. The HHO
fuel generation unit, which uses an electrolysis method, was
conceived and manufactured with the flexibility to change
the distance between the anode and cathode plates, and it
was integrated into the Honda G 200. (197 cc single cylinder
engine). The distance between the plates was varied
between 3, 5, 7, and 10 mm. Tests show that combining HHO,
air, and fuel improves engine performance and emissions.
The emission tests were carried out while maintaining the
electrolyte concentration and temperature by altering the
engine speed. The results reveal that the space between cell
plates has a significant impact on improving combustion
characteristics. At different operating speeds, the maximum
produced power and minimum fuel consumption were
related with the case of 10 mm cathode anode plates
distance, where hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide
emissions were reduced to nearly 40%. The 5 mm gap
instance, on the other hand, has the greatest influence on
emission reduction.
Balaji Subramanian et. al[3] This document provides an
overview of key characteristics and strategies for
manufacturing HHO gas. Thermodynamics and chemical
kinetics of electrolysis processes are explored in detail. The
design and operating parameters for increasing the rate of
gas production are identified. The injection of HHO gas
boosts engine torque, power, and thermal efficiency while
concurrently reducing NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 production.
Global warming, acid rain, and other health difficulties are
some of the negative consequences of these pollutants. The
rate of electrolysis is proportional to the cell's current
density. As a fuel, HHO gas has qualities that are similar to
hydrogen. The ionization energy of hydrogen, which is
roughly 13.6 V, is colorless and odorless. Under atmospheric
circumstances, it has a liquid-to-gas expansion ratio of 1:848.
-259.14 C and 252.87 C are the melting and boiling points,
respectively. In air, the flammability range is 4-75 percent,
the flash point is -253 degrees Celsius, and the adiabatic
flame temperature is 2107 degrees Celsius. The electrolytic
cell was introduced in two different designs. Two plate
electrodes were immersed in a KOH solution in water in the
first kind. Water's electrical conductivity is increased when
KOH is added. Because of its stability and compatibility with
metallic components, KOH is favored over NaHCO3. KOH, on
the other hand, is caustic and deadly if not handled properly.
The second design had numerous electrodes, effectively
producing a series of cells. In comparison to the earlier
design, this required less electric current. Brown also
utilized a flash-back arrester to keep the burner flame from
returning to the electrolytic cell. He suggested using direct
current rather than alternating current because the former
had a lower electrical impedance. If the electrolyte level
dropped below a certain level, a circuit breaker and maker
Ammar A. Al-Rousan et.al[2] The current study suggests the
creation of a novel device that attaches to the engine and
allows an HHO production system to be integrated with a
gasoline engine. Experiments were carried out on a 197cc
single-cylinder engine (Honda G 200). specs of the engine
Maximum Torque 1.06 kg-m/2500 rpm, Bore stroke 67 56,
Displacement 197 cm3, Compression Power Ratio 6:5:1,
Bore stroke 67 56, Displacement 197 cm3, Compression
Power Ratio 6:5:1, Bore stroke 67 56, Displacement 197
cm3, Compression Power Ratio 6:5:1, Fuel Tank Capacity:
3.5 liters, Oil Tank Capacity: 0.7 liters, Dimensions: 337 375
425 mm, Dry Weight: 15 kg The generator is powered by a
wet cell. In this experiment, Type B and Type C cells were
employed. The Type B cell is made up of one square meter
spiraling electrolyte plates (316L stainless steel) set inside a
Plexiglas box with all of the necessary connectors and
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Hydrogen flames are extremely clean, producing almost no
soot. A flame is visible because of the soot produced by most
fuels. Furthermore, a hydrogen flame emits a lot of energy in
the ultraviolet range, rather than the infrared or visible
ranges of the light spectrum. When HHO is burned, it emits
no carbon dioxide or other pollutants into the atmosphere.
The amount of heat energy released is unaffected by the
manner of combustion, however flame temperature changes.
were installed to stop and restart the process. Separate pipes
and a suction-actuated valve delivered hydrogen and oxygen
to the engine intake, where they mixed just before entering
the cylinders. to carry out electrolysis using the power
generated by a PV (photovoltaic panel) module with 36
polycrystalline silicon cells and a nominal current of 2.87 A
and voltage of 17.39 V. When the electrolyte temperature
was increased from 300 K to 340 K, the rate of hydrogen
production more than doubled. The hydrogen generation
rate was increased by roughly 5 times by increasing the
content of NaOH electrolyte from 2 g/l to 28 g/l. Production
efficiency: The electrolyzer's HHO generating efficiency is
now in the region of 40-70 percent. Increases in current
density, operating pressure, temperature, electrolyte
solution conductivity, electrode conditioning, and other
factors can all help to enhance efficiency.
3.2. HHO GENERATOR
3.2.1. System Description
HHO generator used in this study is shown in Fig 4. It
consists of separation tank (1) which supplies the HHO cell
(2) with continuous flow of water to prevent the increase in
the temperature inside the cell and to provide continuous
hydrogen generation. Oxygen– hydrogen mixture generated
from the dry cell will be back to the top of the tank with
some water droplets [2]
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF HHO GENARATOR
2H2O→2H2+O2
3.1. Properties of HHO
Water droplets will separate and fall to the bottom of the
tank with the rest of the water, while hydrogen and oxygen
gases are directed to the engine intake manifold. The HHO
flow rate was measured by calculating the water
displacement per time according to the setup shown in Fig 4.
The HHO gas leaves the separation tank and flows into the
water open pool (4) bushing the water down of the inverted
graduated cylinder (3). The volume of gas collected in the
graduated cylinder per unit of time was measured as the
HHO flow rate.
Oxy-Hydrogen is a molecularly and magnetically linked enhanced
combination of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen has a flame speed
that is nine times that of petrol and six times that of a gasoline-air
mixture. When Oxy-Hydrogen gas is between 4 percent and 94
percent hydrogen by volume, it can burn at normal temperature
and pressure. The density of oxygen-hydrogen gas is quite low.
Table 1: Properties of HHO and Diesel.
Property
Diesel
Petrol
200
Hydrog
en
2.02
Molar Mass
(g/kmol)
Density(kg/m3)
840
0.082
748.9
Stoichiometric
air/fuel weight
14.7
34.3
12
Auto ignition
temperature oC
254285
585
280
Laminar flame
speed
(cm/s)
128
230
135
Lower heating
value
(MJ/kg)
42.61
120.21
44.14
Higher heating
value
(MJ/kg)
45.58
142.18
46.32
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Therefore, the cell productivity can be calculated
from the following equation:
114.232
HHO productivity = volume/time
3.2.2. HHO Separation Tank
The HHO separation tank and its components are shown in
Fig 4. It was constructed from 3.5 in PVC pipe (1) with a
capacity of 2.2 L. A standard 4 in PVC end caps (2) were used
to seal the top and bottom. A 0.5 in PVC ball valve (3) was
used to refill the tank with Distilled water with dissolved
catalyst. Hoses were used for water inlet (4) and HHO gas
outlet from the cell, the condensed water and dissolved
catalyst are carried to the cell through outlet (5) and HHO
gas outlet (6) to the engine. It is equipped by a Pressure
gauge (7) with vacuum range 0–1 bar and a spring loaded
vacuum breaker.[2]
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Fig. 4- Schematic diagram of HHO gas generation
system. [2]
Fig.5 -A schematic diagram of HHO cell [2]
3.3. HHO IN COMBUSTION PROCESS
3.3.1. Introducing HHO in Gasoline Engine
3.2.3. HHO Dry Cell
The electrodes were made of stainless steel tumblers. There
are 16 electrodes with a thickness of 16200.2 cm,
constructed in the alternate form (+, 2N,), where (+)
represents the positive electrode, (N) represents the neutral
electrode, and (-) represents the negative electrode, as
illustrated in Fig 5. Amperage goes from the negative battery
connection to the positive plate and then to the positive
terminal via the neutral plates. For HHO production, neutrals
lower plate voltage, share the same amperage, and enhance
surface area. Rubber gaskets were used to keep the space
between neighbouring tumblers to 1 mm. In addition, acrylic
cover panels with a thickness of 20241 cm were used to
provide a visual indicator of the electrolyte level. HHO cell is
supplied by electrical energy from the engine battery which
is recharged by the engine alternator. The cell productivity
was tested without being connected to the engine with 2
different catalysts, KOH and NaOH, to find the best
electrolyte with best concentration experimentally. The
calculation was done based on the following equation:
The engine and combustion cycle do not need to be modified
in any way to accept the HHO addition in the combustion
process. To accommodate HHO in the system, only safety
procedures and safeguards must be performed.
mH2 =V/(V/Kmole)×M
Fig 6 - Schematic illustration of HHO system with safety
V: Hydrogen volume collected =1/9 displaced volume of
the cylinder 3.V/Kmole : Volume occupied by one kmole
=22.4 m3/Kmole M: Molecular weight of hydrogen = 2
Energy gained = mH2 ×LHVH2
LHVH2 = 121000KJ/kg
Energy consumed = volt× ampere ×time
HHO cell efficiency = energy gained/energy
consumed
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components installed on engine [2]
3.4. Significant Parameters.
• General design and constructional parameters of
HHO generator.
Generally, HHO dry generator is composed of metal plates,
stainless steel is preferred due to its good electrical, thermal
and physical properties, specifically stainless steel 316L is
used in this study, with certain numbers and dimensions
determined according to the design and the application.
Stainless steel is anticorrosive metal with melting point
137 –
, ensity is
g c , an ther al
conductivity 16.3 W/m K.
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the number of cells yields the voltage of each cell. When
calculating cell amperage, the temperature difference
between plates and the operation cell must be taken into
account.
The plates are connected to the electric DC power supply so
that one plate has a positive charge (anode), one plate has a
negative charge (cathode), and the rest are neutral for each
stack generator. The number of neutral plates is decided by
the design in order to distribute the source voltage evenly
among cells of suitable size. With the help of a rubber gasket,
every two successive plates form a closed chamber. The
rubber gaskets ensure that any plate that touches another
plate is properly sealed, preventing water and gas from
entering the generator. Rubber has a thickness tolerance
under pressure of 3mm, which is sufficient to provide a good
current resistance and sufficient space for the HHO gas to
exit freely in the desired direction.
Because pure water has a high resistance to current flow by
default, it must be reduced by adding a particular amount of
electrolytes.
The concentration of the electrolyte in water highly affect on
the cell amperage determination. During the operation, if the
electrolyte concentration slight increases due to heat
generation consequently the current increases in response.
The quantity of HHO gas depends on the water efficiency to
pass the current and the amount of current succeeded to
travel through the plate surface area.
Parameter
Effect on
Description
Material
of HHO Production Stainless
steel
Electrode plates rate
316L grade is
found
appropriate for
HHO production.
Thickness
of HHO Production Thicker
plate
Electrode plates rate
extend the life of
the plates. Over
time the plates
get thinner. The
plates areto stay
perfectly aligned,
parallel,
with
even spacing all
around for HHO
production.
Surface area of HHO Production Surface area of
Electrode plates rate
plate is directly
proportional to
HHO production
rate.
HHO Production Number of plates
rate
is
directly
proportional to
HHO production
rate.
Power
Number of plates
consumption
is
directly
proportional to
power
consumption.
Cell temperature
Number of plates
is
directly
proportional to
cell temperature.
Lower tiny holes in the plates equalize the water level in the
cells and allow electrons to flow under voltage drop with
minimal friction and heat generation. There are also higher
big holes that allow the gas to vent; these holes are in the
topmost position to enhance the surface area of contact with
water and speed the gas out.
Generator has accessories: Bolts, washers, nuts, fittings,
bubbler, connectors, non-return valve, hoses, and tank, two
acrylic end cover plates with a thickness of 12mm, one with
an inlet water hole and the other with an output gas hole,
bolts, washers, nuts, fittings, bubbler, connectors, non-return
valve, hoses, and tank The tank ensures that electrolyte is
continuously fed to the generator, ensuring that it is kept
cold. A bubbler is a container that is partially filled with
water and fed with HHO gas, which must rise through the
water before continuing its journey. The HHO bubbler is
210mm tall and 38.1mm in diameter. The bubbler is
necessary for drying and purifying HHO gas from water
vapour before it reaches the electrolyzer, as well as
preventing backfires from reaching the electrolyzer. Nonreturn valve between the electrolyzer and bubbler is a safety
essential in the backfire case.
• The parameters that control the cell's performance.
The dry cell can be utilised in a variety of engines and
vehicles, including gasoline and diesel engines. It's also
suitable for use in power generators. The dry cell produces
HHO gas, and the rate of gas production can be controlled by
adjusting the cell output.
The operating voltage and amperage, the quantity and area
of stainless steel plates, cell stacks, electrolyte concentration,
and electrode spacing are all variables that might influence
this process.
The number of cells and stacks are decided based on the
required volume of HHO gas and the available electric power
supply, as well as the effective area of the plates.
Cell voltage is directly proportional to the number of cells
and the electrolyte content. The source voltage divided by
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Parameter
Gap Between
Electrode Plates
Effect on
HHO Production
rate
Catalyst
Amount
Catalyst.
HHO Production
rate
of
Spacer
Thickness.
HHO Gas
HHO Production
rate
HHO Production
rate
Engine
performance
Exhaust
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Description
Decrease in gap
between the plates
increase
gas
production but not
less than 1mm
because gap less
than 1mm will not
allow
produced
HHO gas to escape.
Catalyst enhances
HHO production.
Salt causes plates
to corrode. Sodium
Hydroxide
and
Potassium
Hydroxide are best
catalyst proven.
The gas production
increases
with
catalyst
concentration until
the limit 28%
(weight).
Subsequently any
increase in the
concentration
produces
a
reduction in gas
production.
Spacer thickness
should be small but
not too small. As
too small thickness
will not allow
water to flow and
too large thickness
will
increase
resistance
to
current flow which
in return decrease
HHO production.
Spacer thickness
should be small but
not too small. As
too small thickness
will not allow
water to flow and
too large thickness
will
increase
resistance
to
current flow which
in return decrease
HHO production.
Temperature
of
exhaust decrease
with increase in
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HHO. HC and CO
emissions
decreases
3.5. PROPOSED LAYOUT
The proposed layout of the system is as show in the
following fig. 7.Various components of the system are
as follows
I.
Engine
II.
HHO generator
III.
Injector
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Intake air manifold
Air filter
Flash-back arrestor
Battery
Fig no 7- proposed layout of the HHO system
3.6. CALCULATIONS
From research paper relation between HHO
production and size of plate is not specifically
mentioned so we will take surface area of square
plate from a research paper and we will convert it
for circular plate.
Dimensions of square plate : 𝟏𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏
mm2
Area = 𝒃 × 𝒅
= 𝟏𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 14000 mm2
By keeping area same we will calculate diameter
for circular plate.
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A= (π ⁄ ) ×D2
4.1.2. Anode and cathode plate
14000= (π ⁄ ) ×D2
𝑫2 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎
4. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Design 1 is developed first according to above calculations.
In this we use casing with threads which will work as casing
as well as tightens plates so to avoid any water leakage and
holds all plates together. It is totally a new approach than the
designs which uses square plate and uses conventional nut
and bolt to hold the whole assembly together. When
electrons flow through a material it consumes more energy
to change its direction in 90 degrees, so to avoid that and
increase system efficiency we chose circular shape for the
design
Fig no 10: Anode and cathode plate
4.1.3. Gasket
Fig no 8: Design 1
Fig no 11: Gasket
Parts of design 1 are as follows
4.1.4 Casing
4.1.1. Neutral plate
Fig no 9: neutral plate
Fig no 12: case 1
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4.1.5. Casing 2
4.2.1. Neutral plate
Fig no 15: Neutral plate
Fig no 13: Case 2
4.2.2. Anode and cathode plates
4.2. Design no 2
First design was rejected due to many limitations. First
among which was less thermal efficiency. Due to the closed
design of the HHO cell heat dissipation was difficult. In our
analysis we found out that increased working high
temperature of HHO cell eventually reduce the overall
efficiency of the cell. Another problem with which we came
along in the first design was about fitting the outer casing of
the cell which would eventually hold the whole cell together.
It was a container like design in which the whole setup was
to be placed. The first design was fully dependent on the
outer acrylic casing fore support. So it was necessary to
modify the design in which more heat dissipation is possible
and proper support from different parts is given.
Fig no 16: Anode and cathode plate
4.2.3. Cylinder
Fig no 14: design 2
Fig no 17: Cylinder
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4.2.7. Side plate
4.2.4. Nut
Fig no 21: Side plate
Fig no 18: Nut
CONCLUSIONS
4.2.5. Bolt
Thus I conclude, that the problems faced due to increasing
Global warming that is caused due to excess use of fossil
fuels can be decreased to a certain extent by replacing the
fossil fuels with the Oxy Hydrogen in IC engine which will
reduce emissions and we can have some time for complete
transition to electric vehicles. The report provides an
analysis and evaluation of a HHO dry cell. The report also
investigates the fact that the analysis conducted has
limitation
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Fig no 19: Bolt
4.2.6. Gasket
Fig no 20: Gasket
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Volume: 08 Issue: 10 | Oct 2021
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