LISTS
OF
SPECIES
Check List 10(5): 1061–1070, 2014
© 2014 Check List and Authors
ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br)
Chec
List
Journal of species lists and distribution
A preliminary checklist of the cardinalfishes
(Actinopterygii: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) of Singapore
Heok Hee Ng 1* and Kelvin K. P. Lim 2
1 c/o Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, 6 Science Drive 2, #0301, Singapore 117546.
2 Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, 6 Science Drive 2, #0301, Singapore 117546.
* Corresponding author. Email: heokhee.ng@gmail.com
Abstract: We record the presence of 35 cardinalfish species from the marine waters of Singapore based on a review
of existing literature and examination of museum specimens. Another 13 species previously recorded as occurring in
Singapore are considered doubtful records. Five of the 35 species reported here (Apogon crassiceps, Apogonichthyoides
timorensis, Jaydia lineata, Nectamia similis, and Siphamia tubifer) are new records for Singapore, while another four species
have not been encountered in more than a century.
DOI: 10.15560/10.5.6643
Introduction
The family Apogonidae (cardinalfishes) is a circum
tropical group found primarily in marine environments.
They are one of the largest groups of reef fishes in the
IndoPacific, with about twothirds of the 270 or so species
known in the family being found there. Cardinalfishes are
easily distinguished by their distinctly separate dorsal fins
(with the first consisting of six to eight spines), two anal
spines, relatively large eyes and mouth, and preopercle
with a ridge preceding the margin. They are primarily
nocturnal, and predominantly consist of micropredators
or piscivores.
Despite its ubiquity in IndoPacific waters, the
cardinalfishes of Singapore have been poorly studied,
with the only comprehensive checklist being those of
Bleeker (1860b), who recorded 30 species, and Fowler
(1938), who recorded 32 species. The objective of this
study is to reassess the status of Singapore’s cardinalfish
fauna with the view of producing an annotated checklist
that incorporates recent changes to cardinalfish
classification.
Material and Methods
The present checklist was compiled from the
examination of museum specimens (deposited in the
Zoological Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum
of Biodiversity Research, National University of
Singapore), correspondence with local divers, as well as
specimenbased records in the literature. Nomenclature
and classifications of the fishes follow Mabuchi et al.
(2014), with common names following those of Kuiter
and Kozawa (2001). All material examined in this study
is deposited in the Zoological Reference Collection,
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Singapore
(ZRC).
We consider records to be verifiable only if there
is physical evidence such as specimen(s), drawing(s)
or photograph(s) to substantiate the presence of a
cardinalfish speices in Singapore. Records based on
specimens not readily identifiable as coming from
Singapore, and those based on specimens of unknown
provenance are considered separately in Table 1. We also
did not use unpublished museum records for which the
provenance of the specimens could not be identified (i.e.
the specimens could have been purchased from markets
or ornamental fish exporters, but not necessarily caught,
in Singapore).
Results
We record 35 species of cardinalfishes from
Singapore waters, with another 13 species being
considered doubtfully occurring (Table 1). Five species
are recorded from Singapore for the first time: Apogon
crassiceps, Apogonichthyoides timorensis, Jaydia lineata,
Nectamia similis, and Siphamia tubifer. The degree of
uncertainty surrounding the occurrence and identity of
some of the cardinalfish species treated here renders
further survey and study of Singapore’s cardinalfish
fauna necessary.
Annotated checklist of the cardinalfishes of Singapore
1. Apogon crassiceps Garman, 1903.
Dusky Red Cardinalfish
Figure 1
Material examined: ZRC 29504 (n=1); ZRC 40666(n=2);
Pulau Hantu.
Remarks: Apogon crassiceps was described as having
two scales between the lateral line and the first dorsal fin.
Our specimen exhbits one large scale and one smaller scale
between the lateral line and first dorsal fin, a character
found in most members of the A. coccineus species complex
(to which A. crassiceps belongs; Greenfield and Schaefer,
2001; Greenfield and Randall, 2004). This species is known
from the eastern Andaman Sea to the Line and Tuamotu
islands, and from Australia to Japan and the Ogasawara
Islands (Allen and Erdmann 2012), and represents a new
record for Singapore.
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Table 1. Dubious records of cardinalfishes from Singapore.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Apogonichthyoides taeniatus (Cuvier, 1828)
COMMON NAME
Twobelt Cardinalfish
Jaydia poeciloptera (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1828)
Pearlyfinned Cardinalfish
Jaydia novaeguineae (Valenciennes, 1832)
New Guinea Cardinalfish
Ostorhinchus chrysotaenia (Bleeker, 1851)
Highfin Cardinalfish
Ostorhinchus apogonides (Bleeker, 1856)
Ostorhinchus aureus (Lacepède, 1802)
Ostorhinchus cyanosoma (Bleeker, 1853)
Ostorhinchus hoevenii (Bleeker, 1854)
Ostorhinchus moluccensis (Valenciennes, 1832)
Ostorhinchus sealei (Fowler, 1918)
Plain Cardinalfish
Ringtail Cardinalfish
Orangelined Cardinalfish
Flagfin Cardinalfish
Moluccan Cardinalfish
Cheekbar Cardinalfish
Ostorhinchus thermalis (Cuvier, 1829)
Pristiapogon fraenatus (Valenciennes, 1832)
Masked Cardinalfish
Taperedline Cardinalfish
Rhabdamia gracilis (Bleeker, 1856)
Slender Cardinalfish
2. Apogonichthyoides melas (Bleeker, 1848).
Black Cardinalfish
Figure 2
Apogon melas—Bleeker 1860b: 48; Weber and de
Beaufort 1929: 3=09; Herre and Myers 1937: 24.
Amia melas—Fowler 1938: 131.
Apogon niger (non Döderlein)—Ng et al. 1994: 326.
Material examined: ZRC 29503 (n=1); ZRC 40994
(n=2); Pulau Hantu. ZRC 35362 (n=1); ZRC 53656(n=1);
Pulau Semakau. ZRC 38119 (n=1); Labrador Beach. ZRC
53645 (n=1); Marina Bay. ZRC 53648 (n=1); Seletar River
mouth. ZRC 7660 (n=1); Punggol.
Remarks: The assignment of this species in Apo
gonichthyoides follows that of Mabuchi et al. (2014).
3. Apogonichthyoides niger (Döderlein in Steindachner &
Döderlein, 1883). Blackfinned Cardinalfish
Apogon niger—Gon 2000: 3.
Material examined: None. Material from Singapore
listed in Gon (2000).
4. Apogonichthyoides timorensis (Bleeker, 1854).
Timor Cardinalfish
Figure 3
Apogon melas (non Bleeker)—Tan et al. 2010: 139.
Material examined: ZRC 53595 (n=1); ZRC 53596
(n=1); Marina Bay.
Remarks: This species was previously misidentified
as A. melas by Tan et al. (2010), but A. timorensis can be
distinguished from A. melas in lacking (vs. having) the
paleedged black spot at the base of the second dorsal fin
(Allen and Erdmann 2012). This is the first record of this
species from Singapore.
REMARKS
Known only from the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean (Gon
and Randall 2003); record by Steindachner (1870) is likely
misidentification of either A. cantoris or A. timorensis
Not encountered in Singapore waters since Károli (1882); likely
misidentification of J. lineata
Not encountered in Singapore waters since Bleeker (1860b); likely
misidentification of J. lineata (see Gon 1996)
Not encountered in Singapore waters since Károli (1882)
Record based on photograph of specimen purportedly from
Singapore in Debelius (2001), who did not indicate Singapore as a
locality from which photographs in the book were taken
Record by Khoo and Tay (1990) not substantiated by photographs
or specimens; likely misidentification of O. cavitensis
Record by Low and Chou (1994) not substantiated by photographs
or specimens; likely misidentification of O. cavitensis
Weber and de Beaufort’s (1929) record not based on material
Not encountered in Singapore waters since Bleeker (1860a)
Record by Low and Chou (1992) not substantiated by photographs
or specimens;
Weber and de Beaufort’s (1929) record not based on material
Species recorded as Apogon melanorhynchos by Bleeker (1858);
none of extant Bleeker specimens of A. melanorhynchos agree with
the illustration of Amia melanorhynchos in Bleeker (1875–76: Pl.
343, Fig. 1), which is that of P. fraenatus (see Fraser & Lachner,
1985); record considered dubious due to uncertainty in identity
and lack of corroborating material
Not encountered in Singapore waters since Károli (1882)
Figure 1. Apogon crassiceps, ZRC 29504, 39.7 mm SL; Pulau Hantu.
Figure 2. Apogonichthyoides melas, ZRC 53645, 90.5 mm SL; Marina Bay.
Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Figure 3. Apogonichthyoides timorensis, ZRC 53596, 92.8 mm SL; Marina
Bay. Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
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5. Archamia bleekeri (Gunther, 1859).
Bleeker’s Cardinalfish
Figure 4
Apogon macropterus (non Cuvier)—Bleeker 1860b: 31, 48.
Apogon lineolatus (non Cuvier)—Weber and de
Beaufort 1929: 347.
Archamia lineolata (non Cuvier)—Herre and Myers
1937: 25; Fowler 1938: 133.
Archamia goni—Kuiter and Kozawa 2001: 104.
Archamia macroptera (non Cuvier)—Chua 2002: 108.
Archamia bleekeri—Gon and Randall 2003: 19; Allen
and Erdmann 2012: 373.
Material examined: ZRC 53655 (n=2); ZRC 53657
(n=4); Marina East. ZRC 53589 (n=1); East Coast Park.
ZRC 46479 (n=4); Pulau Ubin: Tanjong Chek Jawa. ZRC
36679–36681 (n=3); ZRC 41760 (n=1); ZRC 46538 (n=1);
ZRC 46660 (n=1); ZRC 47805 (n=13); Changi Point beach.
6. Cheilodipterus artus Smith, 1961.
Indian Arrowtooth Cardinalfish
Cheilodipterus artus—Gon 1993: 19; Ng 2009: 108;
Heng and Lim, 2013: 65, Figs 2, 3.
Material examined: None. Material from Singapore
listed in Gon (1993).
Remarks: Some of the records of this species from
Singapore may be referable to C. macrodon instead (see
remarks for that species).
7. Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepède 1801).
Indian Tiger Cardinalfish
Figure 5
Apogon melanurus Bleeker 1860a: 454 (type locality:
Singapore); 1860b: 48; Weber and de Beaufort
1929: 349; Russell et al. 2010: 95 (possibly synonym
of Cheilodipterus macrodon).
Figure 4. Archamia bleekeri, ZRC 53655, 54.3 mm SL; Marina East.
Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Figure 5. Cheilodipterus macrodon, ca. 30 mm SL infested with parasitic
copepods; Sisters’ Islands. Specimen not preserved. Photograph
courtesy of Eunice Khoo.
Figure 6. Cheilodipterus quinquilineatus, ZRC 30661, 42.8 mm SL; Pulau
Hantu.
Cheilodipterus lineatus (non Forsskål)—Bleeke 1860b:
47.
Apogon macrodon—Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 363.
Amia melanurus—Fowler 1938: 130.
Cheilodipterus lineatus—Fowler 1938: 134.
Cheilodipterus macrodon—Low and Chou 1992: 141;
Ng et al. 1994: 326.
Material examined: None. Based on photographs taken
in Singapore waters (Figure 5).
Remarks: The identification of this species is tentative,
following the records by Bleeker (1860a, 1860b) and
photographs of both juveniles and adults taken by divers
in Singapore waters. It is possible that the records of
this species in Singapore may refer to C. artus instead as
both it and C. macrodon have a very similar color pattern.
The only way to reliably distinguish the two is to count
the developed gill rakers (11–15 in C. artus and 7–10 in
C. macrodon; Gon 1993) or to observe the morphology
of the posterior margin of the preopercle (smooth in C.
artus and serrate in C. macrodon; Gon 1993). However, we
were unable to obtain specimens from Singapore to verify
if both species are present here. We retain the record of
this species on the basis of a photograph illustrating a
juvenile specimen (from Sisters’ Island; Figure 6) because
it possesses a large caudal peduncle spot (the juveniles of
C. artus have a small caudal peduncle spot; Gon 1993).
8. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Va
lenciennes, 1828). Fiveline Cardinalfish
Figure 6
Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus—Bleeker 1860b: 31,
48; Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 361; Fowler,
1938: 134; Khoo and Tay 1990: 76; Gon 1993: 51;
Low and Chou, 1992: 141; Ng et al. 1994: 326; Lim
and Low 1998: 93; Kwik et al. 2010: 127.
Material examined: ZRC 38012 (n=1); Terumbu
Pempang Tengah. ZRC 30661 (n=1); Pulau Hantu.
9. Cheilodipterus singapurensis (Bleeker, 1860). Singa
pore Cardinalfish
Figure 7
Cheilodipterus singapurensis Bleeker 1860a: 452 (type
locality: Singapore); 1860b: 48; Weber and de
Beaufort 1929: 360; Fowler 1938: 134; Gon 1993:
54; Russell et al. 2010: 95; Allen and Erdmann
2012: 378; Kwik 2012: 95.
Chilodipterus [sic] singapurensis—Tan et al. 2010: 139.
Material examined: ZRC 53592 (n=1); Singapore Straits
near Sentosa. ZRC 53597 (n=1); ZRC 53644 (n=1); Marina
Bay.
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10. Fibramia amboinensis (Bleeker, 1853).
Ambon Cardinalfish
Figure 8
Apogon amboinensis—Bleeker 1860b: 31, 48; Károli
1882: 152; Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 340; Herre
and Myers 1937: 24; Tweedie 1936: 25.
Amia amboinensis—Bleeker 1871–76: 90; Fowler
1931: 445; 1938: 128, 261.
Material examined: ZRC 53619 (n=4); Sungei Tengeh.
Remarks: This species is very similar to F. lateralis, but
can be distinguished in having a short, dark lateral streak
along the dorsal part of the flanks that the other species
lacks. Some of the previous records of this species from
Singapore may refer to F. lateralis instead, but we are
unable to verify this.
11. Fibramia lateralis (Valenciennes, 1832).
Coastal Cardinalfish
Figure 9
Apogon ceramensis—Bleeker 1858: 242; 1860b: 48;
Károli 1882: 152; Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 338.
Amia ceramensis—Bleeker 1871–76: 91; 1875–76: Pl.
336, Fig. 1
Amia laterale—Fowler 1938: 130 (Serangoon)
Apogon lateralis—Chua 2002: 108; Ng 2009: 108.
Material examined: ZRC 53684 (n=3); Raffles Marina.
ZRC 2373 (n=23); Sungei Poyan. ZRC 2374 (n=6); Sungei
Berih. ZRC 781 (n=52); Sungei Tengeh. ZRC 51087 (n=3);
Sarimbun fence. ZRC 2372 (n=5); Sungei Kangkar. ZRC
26429–26433 (n=5); Sungei Sawa. ZRC 26160–26199
(n=40); Sungei Kranji. ZRC 2375 (n=7); Sungei Peng Siang.
ZRC 30657–30658 (n=2); ZRC 32582–32588 (n=7); Pulau
Hantu. ZRC 53147 (n=1); Pulau Semakau. ZRC 2371(n=1);
Pulau Brani. ZRC 27157 (n=1); ZRC 27180 (n=1); Pulau
Sakijang Bendera (St. John’s Island). ZRC 7197–7203
(n=7); Punggol. ZRC 10525–10528 (n=4); Sungei Punggol.
ZRC 1752 (n=54); Sungei Changi. ZRC 46517 (n=6); Pulau
Ubin: Tanjong Chek Jawa.
12. Fowleria variegata (Valenciennes, 1832).
Variegated Cardinalfish
Figure 10
Apogonichthys polystigma—Bleeker 1860b: 31, 48;
Fowler 1938: 133.
Apogonichthys auritus (non Valenciennes)—Herre and
Myers 1937: 25; Tweedie 1940: 70.
Material examined: ZRC 2380 (n=4); ZRC 41008 (n=1);
Sultan Shoal. ZRC 37455–37458 (n=4); Pulau Satumu
(Raffles Lighthouse). ZRC 30481 (n=1); ZRC 36544 (n=1);
Pulau Semakau.
13. Jaydia lineata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842).
Tenbar Cardinalfish
Figure 11
Material examined: ZRC 53454 (n=1); Serangoon
Harbour, between Pulau Ubin and Pulau Serangoon.
Remarks: We follow Russell et al. (2010) and
Mabuchi et al. (2014) in considering Jaydia as a valid
genus on the basis of the following synapomorphies
outlined in Gon (1996): (1) preopercular edge and ridge
weakly serrated; (2) uroneurals reduced or absent; (3)
rounded caudal fin; (4) longest dorsal spine supported
Figure 7. Cheilodipterus singapurensis, ZRC 53644, 125.7 mm SL; Marina
Bay. Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Figure 8. Fibramia amboinensis, ZRC 53619, 53.8 mm SL; Sungei Tengeh.
Figure 9. Fibramia lateralis, ZRC 53147, 56.1 mm SL; Pulau Semakau.
Figure 10. Fowleria variegata, ZRC 30481, 51.9 mm SL; Pulau Semakau.
Figure 11. Jaydia lineata, ZRC 53454, 50.1 mm SL; Serangoon Harbour.
by third pterygiophore; (5) presence of light organ;
and (6) eighth dorsalspine pterygiophore separated
or only partially fused to ninth pterygiophore. There is
also support from molecular data for the monophyly of
Jaydia (Mabuchi et al. 2006, 2014).
The single specimen of Jaydia obtained from
Serangoon Harbour is identified as J. lineata (and not the
very similar J. novaeguineae) following Gon (1996) on
the account of the following characters: 15 pectoralfin
rays (vs. 16 in J. novaeguineae), 11 gill rakers on the lower
limb of the first gill arch (vs. 9–10 in J. novaeguineae)
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and 3 predorsal scales (vs. 4 in J. novaeguineae). This is
a new record for Singapore, representing a considerable
southward extension of its range (it is otherwise known
only from China and Japan southwards to Taiwan; Gon
1996).
14. Jaydia truncata (Bleeker, 1854). Flattail Cardinalfish
Apogonichthys taeniopterus Bleeker 1860b: 48
(type locality: Singapore); Russell et al. 2010: 94
(synonymy with Apogon truncatus).
Apogon ellioti (in part)—Weber and de Beaufort 1929:
329.
Apogonichthys ellioti—Fowler 1938: 132.
Material examined: None. Based on Castelnau painting
(Russell et al. 2010: Figs. 1 and 2).
Remarks: The description of A. taeniopterus was based
on two paintings of a specimen collected from Singapore
by Castelnau (illustrated in Russell et al. 2010: Figs. 1
and 2), which has been identified as J. truncata by Russell
et al. (2010). This species has not been encountered in
Singapore waters since it was first recorded by Bleeker
(1860b).
15. Lepidamia kalosoma (Bleeker, 1852).
Pinstripe Cardinalfish
Figure 12
Lepidamia kalosoma—Tan et al. 2010: 139.
Material examined: ZRC 52436 (n=1); ZRC 53594
(n=1); Marina Bay.
Remarks: This species was recorded from Singapore
for the first time by Tan et al. (2010).
16. Nectamia savayensis (Günther, 1872).
Samoan Cardinalfish
Nectamia savayensis—Fraser 2008: 33.
Material examined: None. Material from Singapore
listed in Fraser (2008).
Figure 12. Lepidamia kalosoma, ZRC 53594, 96.2 mm SL; Marina Bay.
Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Figure 13. Nectamia similis, ZRC 31694, 57.6 mm SL; Pulau Salu.
Figure 14. Ostorhinchus cavitensis, ZRC 7204, 68.9 mm SL; Punggol.
Figure 15. Ostorhinchus cavitensis, ca. 75 mm SL; Pulau Hantu. Specimen
not preserved. Photograph courtesy of Eunice Khoo.
17. Nectamia similis Fraser, 2008. Ghost Cardinalfish
Figure 13
Apogon bandanensis (non Bleeker)—Bleeker 1860b:
31, 48; Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 317; Herre
and Myers 1937: 24; Khoo and Tay 1990: 76; Ng et
al. 1994: 326.
Amia bandanensis (non Bleeker)—Fowler 1938: 128.
Material examined: ZRC 31694 (n=1); Pulau Salu.
Remarks: This species has been previously misidentified
as N. bandanensis, which has a completely different color
pattern consisting of two dark saddles with the absence of
any pale bars on the body (Fraser 2008). This is the first
record of this species from Singapore.
18. Ostorhinchus cavitensis (Jordan & Seale, 1907).
Cavite Cardinalfish
Figures 14, 15
Apogon cavitensis—Kuiter and Kozawa 2001: 33.
Ostorhinchus cavitensis—Allen and Erdmann 2012:
388; Heng and Lim 2013: 65, Fig. 1.
Material examined: ZRC 31726–31729 (n=4); Pulau
Salu. ZRC 40985 (n=2); Terumbu Pempang Tengah. ZRC
7204 (n=1); ZRC 53609 (n=12); Punggol.
Remarks: The presence of this species in Singapore has
been known for some time (Russell et al. 2010).
19. Ostorhinchus chrysopomus (Bleeker, 1854).
Cheekspot Cardinalfish
Apogon chrysopomus—Bleeker 1860b: 48; Kuiter and
Kozawa 2001: 31.
Material examined: None.
Remarks: Confirmation of the presence of this species
in Singapore is based on an in situ photograph of a live
individual from Singapore (Kuiter and Kozawa 2001).
20. Ostorhinchus compressus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1911).
Blueeyed Cardinalfish
Figure 16
Apogonichthys macrophthalmus Bleeker 1860a: 455
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(type locality: Singapore); 1860b: 48; Fowler 1938:
132; Russell et al. 2010: 97 (nomen oblitum).
Apogon macrophthalmus—Weber and de Beaufort
1929: 350.
Apogon compressus—Herre and Myers 1937: 24; Khoo
and Tay 1990: 76; Low and Chou 1992: 141; 1994:
437; Ng et al. 1994: 326.
Apogon ?compressus—Chua 2002: 108.
Material examined: ZRC 30522 (n=1); Singapore Straits.
ZRC 31641–31643 (n=3); ZRC 31758–31759 (n=2); Pulau
Salu.
21. Ostorhinchus endekataenia (Bleeker, 1852).
Manystriped Cardinalfish
Figure 17
Apogon singapurensis Bleeker 1860a: 454 (type
locality: Singapore); 1860b: 48; Weber and de
Beaufort 1929: 349; Russell et al. 2010: 96 (possibly
synonym of Apogon endekataenia).
Apogon endekataenia—Bleeker 1860: 31, 48; Weber
and de Beaufort 1929: 306; Lim and Low 1998: 7;
Kuiter and Kozawa 2001: 20; Kuiter and Tonozuka
2001: 213.
Amia singapurensis—Fowler 1938: 132.
Amia endekataenia—Fowler 1938: 129.
Ostorhinchus endekataenia—Allen & Erdmann 2012: 391.
Ostorhinchus cavitiensis (non Jordan and Seale)—Tan
2014: 150, Figs. 1, 2.
Material examined: ZRC 41009 (n=2); Sultan Shoal.
ZRC 30523 (n=1); Singapore Straits. ZRC 43368 (n=1); off
Kusu Island. ZRC 53654 (n=1); Marina East. ZRC 10530
(n=1); Sungei Punggol. ZRC 53600 (n=7); Punggol.
22. Ostorhinchus fasciatus (White, 1790).
Australian Striped Cardinalfish
Apogon quadrifasciatus (in part)—Bleeker 1860b: 48.
Apogon fasciatus—Fraser 2005: 13.
Material examined: None. Material from Singapore
listed in Fraser (2005).
Figure 16. Ostorhinchus compressus, ZRC 31758, 82.3 mm SL; Pulau
Salu.
Figure 17. Ostorhinchus endekataenia, ZRC 53654, 50.1 mm SL; Marina
East. Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Figure 18. Ostorhinchus margaritophorus, ZRC 53182, 27.4 mm SL;
Pulau Semakau. Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Remarks: The much more commonly encountered O.
pleuron has often been misidentified as this species (see
remarks for O. pleuron). It has not been encountered in
recent surveys, with the last verified record dating from
1953 (Fraser 2005).
23. Ostorhinchus magaritophorus (Bleeker, 1854).
Pearly Cardinalfish
Figure 18
Apogon margaritophorus—Bleeker 1860b: 48; Weber
and de Beaufort 1929: 199; Herre and Myers 1937:
24; Tham 1973: 224; Lim and Low 1998: 91; Kuiter
and Kozawa, 2001: 18; Chua 2002: 108; Tan and Yeo
2003; Ng 2009: 108; Kwik et al. 2010: 127.
Amia margaritophora—Fowler 1938: 130 (Pulau Brani,
Serangoon).
Material examined: ZRC 53682 (n=6); Raffles Marina.
ZRC 30651–30656 (n=6); ZRC 40995 (n=2); Pulau Hantu.
ZRC 53182 (n=4); Pulau Semakau. ZRC 38132 (n=5);
Labrador Beach. ZRC 41479 (n=1); Pulau Seringat. ZRC
7544–7561 (n=18); Punggol. ZRC 46478 (n=22); Pulau
Ubin: Tanjong Chek Jawa. ZRC 47820 (n=8); Changi Point
beach.
24. Ostorhinchus novemfasciatus (Cuvier in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1828). Nineline Cardinalfish
Apogon novemfasciatus—Kuiter and Kozawa 2001: 28.
Material examined: None. Based on an in situ
photograph of a live individual from Singapore waters
(Kuiter and Kozawa 2001).
25. Ostorhinchus pleuron (Fraser, 2005).
Ribbar Cardinalfish
Figure 19
Apogon quadrifasciatus (non Cuvier)—Cantor 1849:
985; Steindachner 1870: 559; Károli 1882: 52;
Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 300 (in part); Tweedie
1936: 25; Herre and Myers 1937: 24; Lim and Low
1998: 92; Chua 2002: 108; Kwik et al. 2010: 127;
Tan et al. 2010: 139.
Amia quadrifasciata (non Cuvier)—Fowler 1938: 131,
261.
Apogon pleuron Fraser 2005: 7.
Ostorhinchus pleuron—Allen and Erdmann 2012: 402.
Material examined: ZRC 49710 (n=1); Johor Straits off
Seletar Dam. ZRC 53649 (n=2); mouth of Seletar River. ZRC
7205–7210 (n=6); Punggol. ZRC 40697 (n=1); ZRC 40698
(n=4); ZRC 47804 (n=2); Changi Point beach. ZRC 40298
(n=2); Johor Straits, northwest of Pulau Tekong Kechil.
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Remarks: This species has often been misidentified as
O. quadrifasciatus [itself a synonym of O. fasciatus (White,
1790)], but is distinguished from it in having the lower edge
of the median dark stripe on the body developing into narrow
vertical bars (vs. uniform), a pigmented (vs. unpigmented)
roof of the mouth 15 (vs. 16) pectoralfin rays, and 17–20 (vs.
14–17) well developed gill rakers (Fraser 2005).
26. Ostorhinchus urostigmus (Bleeker, 1874).
Spinyhead Cardinalfish
Amia urostigma Bleeker, 1874: 51 (type locality: Singapore).
Material examined: None.
Remarks: This species has not been recorded from
Singapore since its original description.
27. Pristicon rhodopterus (Bleeker, 1852).
False Threespot Cardinalfish
Figure 20
Apogon rhodopterus Bleeker 1852: 62 (type locality:
Singapore); Bleeker 1860: 48; Herre and Myers
1937: 24; Randall and Fraser 1999: 624.
Apogon trimaculatus (nonCuvier)—Weber and de
Beaufort 1929: 335 (in part); Khoo and Tay 1990:
76; (?)Low and Chou 1992: 141; Ng et al. 1994: 326;
Lim and Low 1998: 91
Amia rhodoptera—Fowler 1938: 132. (= part of Apogon
trimaculatus)
Pristicon rhodopterus – Allen and Erdmann 2012: 407
Material examined: ZRC 31635–31640 (n=6); ZRC
31679–31682 (n=4); ZRC 31690–31693 (n=4); ZRC
31702–31712 (n=11); ZRC 31723–31725 (n=3); ZRC
36187–36188 (n=2); Pulau Salu. ZRC 45742 (n=2); off
Pulau Satumu (Raffles Lighthouse). ZRC 38139 (n=2);
patch reef west of Pulau Hantu. ZRC 29501–29502 (n=2);
ZRC 40483 (n=1); Pulau Hantu. ZRC 17666 (n=1); Pulau
Retan Laut. ZRC 31689 (n=1); Pulau Bukom. ZRC 40325
(n=1); Pulau Sakijang Bendera (St. John’s Island). ZRC
53612 (n=2); off Kusu Island.
Remarks: This species has sometimes been
misidentified as P. trimaculatus, but can be distinguished
from it in lacking (vs. having) a dark spot on the opercle
(Randall and Fraser, 1999).
28. Pristicon trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1828).
Threespot Cardinalfish
Apogon koilomatodon—Bleeker 1860b: 48; Herre &
Myers 1937: 24
Apogon trimaculatus=(?)Károli 1882: 152; Weber and
de Beaufort 1929: 335 (in part); Herre and Myers
1937: 25; Randall and Fraser 1999: 619.
Amia koilomatodon—Fowler 1938: 130.
Amia trimaculata—Fowler 1938: 132.
Material examined: None. Material from Singapore
listed in Randall and Fraser (1999).
Remarks: Material in the ZRC previously identified as
this species have been reidentified as P. rhodopterus (see
remarks for previous species).
29. Pseudamia amblyuropterus (Bleeker, 1856).
Whitejaw Cardinalfish
Cheilodipterus polystigma Bleeker 1860a: 454 (type
locality: Singapore); 1860b: 31, 48; Fowler 1938:
Figure 19. Ostorhinchus pleuron, ca. 70 mm SL; Kelong E5, off the mouth
of Sungei Simpang. Specimen not preserved. Photograph courtesy of Tan
Heok Hui.
Figure 20. Pristicon rhodopterus, ZRC 45742, 90.9 mm SL; Pulau Satumu.
Figure 21. Siphamia tubifer, ZRC 53540, 29.1 mm SL; Pulau Hantu.
134; Russell et al. 2010: 94 (synonymy with
Pseudamia amblyuroptera).
Pseudamia polystigma—Weber and de Beaufort 1929:
370.
Pseudamia amblyuroptera—Randall et al. 1985: 9.
Pseudamia amblyuropterus—Allen and Erdmann 2012:
408.
Material examined: None. Based on Castelnau painting
(Russell et al. 2010: Fig. 3).
Remarks: The description of C. polystigma was based
on a painting of a specimen collected from Singapore by
Castelnau, which has been identified as P. amblyuropterus
by Russell et al. (2010). This species has not been
encountered in Singapore waters since it was first recorded
by Bleeker (1860a).
30. Siphamia tubifer Weber, 1909.
Twospot Urchin Cardinalfish
Figure 21
Material examined: ZRC 53540 (n=3); Pulau Hantu.
Remarks: This species is recorded in Singapore for the
first time here.
31. Sphaeramia nematoptera (Bleeker, 1856).
Pyjama Cardinalfish
Figure 22
Sphaeramia nematoptera—Low and Chou 1992: 141;
Ng et al. 1994: 326; Heng and Lim 2013: 65, Fig. 4;
Low 2013: 33, Fig. 6.
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Ng and Lim | Cardinalishes of Singapore
Figure 24. Taeniamia fucata, ZRC 29505, 53.7 mm SL; Pulau Hantu.
Figure 22. Sphaeramia nematopterus, ca. 90 mm SL. Specimen not
preserved. Photograph courtesy of Jeffrey Low.
Figure 25. Yarica hyalosoma, ZRC 54065, 91.0 mm SL; Seletar Wet Gap.
Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui.
Figure 23. Sphaeramia orbicularis, ZRC 52531, 81.1 mm SL; Raffles
Marina.
Material examined: None. Based on photographs taken
in local waters (Heng and Lim 2013; Low 2013).
32. Sphaeramia orbicularis (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1828).
Polkadot Cardinalfish
Figure 23
Apogon orbicularis—Bleeker 1860b: 48; Weber and de
Beaufort 1929: 333.
Amia orbicularis—Fowler 1938: 131.
Sphaeramia orbicularis—Lim and Low 1998: 93; Kwik
et al. 2010: 127.
Material examined: ZRC 52531 (n=1); ZRC 53681
(n=7); Raffles Marina. ZRC 30659–30660 (n=3); Pulau
Hantu. ZRC 41480 (n=2); Pulau Seringat.
33. Taeniamia fucata (Cantor, 1849).
Painted Cardinalfish
Figure 24
Apogon macropteroides—Bleeker 1860b: 31, 48.
Material examined: ZRC 29505 (n=1); Pulau Hantu.
ZRC 40982 (n=1); Terumbu Selegi.
34. Yarica hyalosoma (Bleeker, 1852).
Humpbacked Cardinalfish
Figure 25
Apogon hyalosoma—Bleeker 1860b: 48; Weber and
de Beaufort 1929: 341; Herre and Myers 1937:
24; Lim and Low 1998: 92; Ng and Sivasothi
1999: 135; Chua 2002: 108; Ng 2009: 108; Kwik
et al. 2010: 127; Tan et al. 2010: 139; Kwik 2012:
95; Ng and Tan 2013: 21.
Amia hyalosoma – Fowler 1938: 130 (Pulo Ubin).
Material examined: ZRC 53683 (n=3); Raffles Marina.
ZRC 2377 (n=1); ZRC 31696–31701 (n=6); Sungei Tengeh.
ZRC 27278–27280 (n=3); ZRC 27320 (n=1); ZRC 29319–
29321(n=3); ZRC 31922 (n=1); ZRC 38339 (n=1); ZRC
41704 (n=3); ZRC 52119 (n=3); Sungei Buloh. ZRC 26399–
26428 (n=30); Sungei Sawa. ZRC 779 (n=43); Sungei Peng
Siang. ZRC 26146–26159 (n=14); Sungei Kranji. ZRC
21821 (n=1); Sungei Mandai Kechil. ZRC 54065 (n=1);
Seletar Wet Gap. ZRC 19631 (n=1); Pulau Ubin. ZRC 48416
(n=5); Pulau Ubin: mouth of Sungei Besar. ZRC 1762 (n=4);
Sungei Changi.
35. Zoramia leptacantha (Bleeker, 1856).
Longspine Cardinalfish
Apogon arenatus Bleeker 1860a: 455 (type locality:
Singapore); 1860b: 48; Weber and de Beaufort
1929: 350; Russell et al. 2010: 99.
Amia arenata—Fowler 1938: 128.
Material examined: None. Based on Castelnau painting
(Russell et al. 2010: Fig. 13).
Remarks: The description of A. arenatus was based
on a painting of a specimen collected from Singapore by
Castelnau, which has been tentatively identified as Z.
leptacantha by Russell et al. (2010). Zoramia leptacantha
has not been encountered in Singapore waters since the
record by Bleeker (1860a).
Discussion
The record of 35 of cardinalfish species from Singapore
waters represents about one quarter of the approximately
120 species found in the region (Randall and Lim 2000).
This small number is largely a result of poor sampling,
although it is worrying that four of the 35 species (11.4%)
have not been encountered in Singapore in over a century.
The strong association of many cardinalfish species to
live coral (Gardiner and Jones 2005) and the vulnerability
1068
Ng and Lim | Cardinalishes of Singapore
of coral reef habitats in Singapore to anthropogenic
disturbance (Hoeksema and Koh 2009) does not bode well
for the future of the cardinalfish fauna of Singapore.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We are grateful to Ofer Gon for confirming the
identities of cardinalfishes, to Eunice Khoo, Jeffrey Low and Tan Heok
Hui for permission to use photographs. We are also grateful to two
anonymous reviewers for comments that substantially improved the
manuscript. This study has been funded by the National Parks Board and
the National University of Singapore through grants R347000147490
and R347000174490.
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Received: July 2014
Accepted: September 2014
Published online: October 2014
Editorial responsibility: Osmar J. Luiz
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