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Revision of the genus Mustelus (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae) in the northern Indian Ocean, with description of a new species and a discussion on the validity of M. walkeri and M. ravidus

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Abstract

The species of Mustelus Linck, 1790 occurring in the northern Indian Ocean are revised and a new species, Mustelus andamanensis sp. nov., is formally described. Previously considered to be conspecific with M. mosis Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899, the new species is currently only known from the Andaman Sea. The Red Sea and Arabian Sea populations of Mustelus mosis differ in vertebral counts and degree of coverage of buccopharyngeal denticles in the mouth, but these characters alone are not considered strong enough evidence to separate into two species. Mustelus andamanensis sp. nov. is genetically (based on NADH2 sequences) closest to M. mosis but differs in having a subdivided palatoquadrate (vs. palatoquadrate not divided). The new species is morphologically closest to M. widodoi White & Last, 2006, but differs in several morphological characters and on a molecular level. Mustelus stevensi White & Last, 2008 is confirmed from the northern Indian Ocean for the first time based on a single specimen taken off southeastern Myanmar. Mustelus walkeri White & Last, 2008 is found to be a junior synonym of M. antarcticus Günther, 1870. The use of buccopharyngeal patterns and vertebral counts in isolation from other morphological differences and molecular data in this genus is also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following museum and collections staff for providing data and lending specimens crucial for this study: Mark Sabaj Perez and Mariangele Arce Hernandez at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (ANSP); James Maclaine and Oliver Crimmen (BMNH); Dave Catania and Mysi Hoang (CAS); Daniel Golani (HUJ); Rob Robins (UF); Jeff Williams, Kris Murphy, Sandra Raredon, Dianne Pitassy, Shirleen Smith and Erika Wilbur (USNM); Alastair Graham (CSIRO) for organising the loan of the paratypes and registering specimens housed at CSIRO; John Pogonoski (CSIRO) for capturing digital radiographs of all specimens examined and providing editorial advice; Helen O’Neill (CSIRO) for providing editorial comments; Narissa Bax and Carlie Devine (CSIRO) for capturing images. We would like to thank Lei Yang for generating the NADH2 sequence data and obtaining GenBank accession numbers. Finally, thanks to the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript.

Funding

Financial support for WW was provided by CSIRO’s National Research Collections Australia; for SA, support was provided by the Centre for Biodiversity in Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT) and Aries Marketing Company Limited; and for GN, funding for the molecular analyses was provided through a US National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology Award (#1132229).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Fish Collection, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia

    William T. White

  2. Aow Thai Marine Ecology Center, Koh Mun Nai, Kram, Klaeng District, Rayong, 21110, Thailand

    Sirachai Arunrugstichai

  3. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

    Gavin J.P. Naylor

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Correspondence to William T. White.

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Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed by the authors.

Sampling and field studies

The specimens of the new species used in this study were all taken from fish market surveys at Ranong fishing port in Thailand. All specimens were dead prior to the surveys being undertaken. The fishing port surveys were conducted by the second author (SA) as part of his Masters Thesis program through the Prince of Songkhla University and permissions to collect data were done in accordance with the Thailand Department of Fisheries. All comparative material used in this study were deposited in museum collections around the world and were borrowed with official loan documentation from these collections. No live animals were collected or killed during this study.

Data availability

Ranges of the morphological and meristic data obtained in this study are provided in the description and/or diagnoses and in Table 1. The raw morphological and meristic data generated during this current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. NADH2 sequences used in this study have been deposited on GenBank and related accession numbers are provided in the related figure and text sections.

Author contributions

Designed the field study (Thailand): SA. Performed the fieldwork: SA. Conducted the statistical analysis of the data: WW. Conducted the molecular analyses: GN. Captured morphological and meristic data: WW. Wrote the manuscript: WW, GN, SA. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Communicated by D. Ebert

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This article is a contribution to the Topical Collection Systematics and Biodiversity of Indian Ocean Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras (Chondrichthyes)

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White, W.T., Arunrugstichai, S. & Naylor, G.J. Revision of the genus Mustelus (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae) in the northern Indian Ocean, with description of a new species and a discussion on the validity of M. walkeri and M. ravidus. Mar. Biodivers. 51, 42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01161-4

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